lec 8+9

When experiencing an emotion, the brain reacts to a ______ (stimulus / response) in the environment.

stimulus

The brain's reaction to a stimulus leads to ______ (subjective / objective) emotional experiences like happiness, sadness, or fear.

subjective

Emotions are subjective because ______ (everyone / some people) experience them differently.

everyone

An example of a ______ (neural / physiological) response to fear would be an increased heart rate or faster breathing.

physiological

The brain may plan how to ______ (respond / ignore) to fear, either by fighting or escaping the stimulus.

respond

Emotions drive us to take ______ (action / inaction), such as running away from fear or embracing joy.

action

Emotion is defined as a positive or negative experience in response to an environmental ______ (stimulus / reaction).

stimulus

Emotion is also associated with a particular pattern of ______ (behavioral / physiological) activity.

physiological

Valence refers to whether the emotion is ______ (positive / negative) or ______ (positive / negative).

positive, negative

Arousal refers to the ______ (intensity / calmness) of the emotion.

intensity

Melancholy is a ______ (high-arousal / low-arousal) emotion.

low-arousal

Fear and hilarity are examples of ______ (high-arousal / low-arousal) emotions.

high-arousal

Emotions like excitement are ______ (positively / negatively) valenced and ______ (high / low) arousal.

positively, high

Sadness or depression are ______ (positively / negatively) valenced and ______ (high / low) arousal.

negatively, low

Sleepiness is a ______ (positively / negatively) valenced emotion with ______ (high / low) arousal.

positively, low

Emotions are mapped on a two-dimensional plane with ______ (valence / arousal) on one axis and ______ (valence / arousal) on the other.

valence, arousal

Emotions like fear or alarm are ______ (negatively / positively) valenced and ______ (high / low) arousal.

negatively, high

Emotions like excitement are ______ (negatively / positively) valenced and ______ (high / low) arousal.

positively, high

Emotions like sadness or depression are ______ (negatively / positively) valenced but ______ (high / low) arousal.

negatively, low

Sleepiness is a ______ (positively / negatively) valenced emotion but with ______ (high / low) arousal.

positively, low

Most emotions fall within a ______ (circle / square) in the diagram, indicating a mix of positive/negative and high/low arousal.

circle

There is rarely an emotion that falls in the ______ (center / edge) of the circle, as this would suggest no intensity or valence.

center

An emotion at the center of the circle would imply an emotional state of being ______ (neutral / highly intense).

neutral

In practice, emotions always fall somewhere in the ______ (center / circle), either positive or negative, with varying levels of intensity.

circle

When identifying an emotion, you should be able to determine whether it’s ______ (high / low) arousal and whether it’s ______ (positive / negative) in valence.

high, positive

The brain’s response to emotional stimuli from the environment is a complex process involving multiple brain ______ (structures / organs).

structures

The ______ (amygdala / prefrontal cortex) plays a key role in emotional experiences but is only one part of the process.

amygdala

The amygdala is part of the more ______ (advanced / primitive) brain regions that we share with many non-human animals.

primitive

The amygdala processes ______ (biologically relevant / irrelevant) information quickly, especially things that affect our survival.

biologically relevant

The ______ (prefrontal cortex / amygdala) is a more advanced part of the brain that helps process information rationally and more slowly.

prefrontal cortex

The amygdala and the prefrontal cortex work together in ______ (parallel / opposition) to process emotional stimuli.

parallel

When a stimulus is detected, the sensory organs send the information to the ______ (thalamus / prefrontal cortex), which then projects it to the amygdala.

thalamus

The amygdala triggers a ______ (fear / joy) response when it receives the stimulus.

fear

At the same time, the thalamus sends the information to the ______ (sensory cortices / amygdala), where it is processed more slowly by the prefrontal cortex.

sensory cortices

The prefrontal cortex helps make sense of the situation, realizing that it’s ______ (a threat / just your friend) in the case of a surprise encounter.

just your friend

The prefrontal cortex downregulates the ______ (fear / excitement) response once the threat is identified as non-dangerous.

fear

The two-pathway system allows us to react to fear quickly, while also giving us the ability to ______ (assess / ignore) the situation.

assess

In more dangerous situations, such as encountering a wild animal, the prefrontal cortex would ______ (upregulate / downregulate) the fear response to prepare us to act.

upregulate

Emotions help us respond to our environment in ways that increase our chances of ______ (survival / comfort).

survival

Facial expressions, like disgust, have evolved as ______ (adaptive / irrelevant) behaviors to protect us from harmful stimuli.

adaptive

When experiencing disgust, we may scrunch our ______ (nose / mouth), narrow our ______ (eyes / ears), and purse our ______ (lips / eyebrows).

nose, eyes, lips

The facial expression of fear involves opening our ______ (eyes / mouth) wide, flaring our ______ (nostrils / eyebrows), and slightly opening our ______ (mouth / eyes).

eyes, nostrils, mouth

Fear facial expressions help us gather ______ (information / emotions) quickly and prepare our bodies to react, such as by getting more ______ (oxygen / blood).

information, oxygen

Charles Darwin’s 'universality hypothesis' suggests that facial expressions of emotion are ______ (culturally specific / universal) and biologically ingrained.

universal

Darwin’s hypothesis claims that humans, regardless of culture, express emotions like fear or disgust in ______ (similar / different) ways.

similar

There is ______ (no / some) evidence supporting Darwin’s universality hypothesis, showing that facial expressions of emotions are shared across cultures.

some

People born with visual impairments, such as those who are ______ (blind / deaf), smile in similar ways as people with vision when they experience joy.

blind

The argument in favor of the universality hypothesis suggests that babies who are blind and have never seen a human face smile still do so because they ______ (learn / innately know) how to smile.

innately know

Even really young newborn babies naturally make ______ (disgust / joy) faces, not because they learned them from their parents.

disgust

Studies in isolated communities suggest that these cultures evaluate facial expressions ______ (similarly / differently) to non-isolated cultures.

similarly

Some isolated cultures, like those in South America, Guinea, and central Australia, seem to be ______ (isolated / integrated) with the rest of the world.

isolated

Evidence from isolated cultures shows that they often respond to facial expressions in the same way as individuals from ______ (non-isolated / global) cultures.

non-isolated

Different cultures may use ______ (eye expressions / mouth movements) differently, suggesting cultural influences on emotional expression.

eye expressions

One criticism of studies on isolated cultures is that they may suffer from ______ (confirmation bias / statistical bias), where researchers design studies that unintentionally confirm their beliefs.

confirmation bias

In studies with isolated cultures, participants were given a sad story and shown a series of faces, a method called the ______ (forced-choice paradigm / open-ended method).

forced-choice paradigm

In forced-choice studies, individuals from isolated cultures often choose the ______ (fearful / joyful) face when shown a sad story.

fearful

When individuals from isolated cultures were asked to make the face they would make if they lost their child, their facial expression did not look exactly the same as those from ______ (non-isolated / other) cultures.

non-isolated

The debate over the universality hypothesis is still ongoing because of ______ (variations / similarities) among human facial expressions.

variations

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that facial expressions can ______ (reinforce / undermine) our emotional experiences.

reinforce

The facial feedback hypothesis challenges the idea that emotional experiences always ______ (cause / follow) facial expressions.

cause

In a study on facial feedback, participants who held a pencil between their ______ (lips / teeth) felt less positive emotions than those who held it between their teeth.

lips

The group that held the pencil between their ______ (lips / teeth) reported feeling happier during the study.

teeth

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that both emotional experiences and facial expressions ______ (cause / reinforce) each other.

reinforce

We can create ______ (authentic / fake) emotional expressions to trick others into thinking we are experiencing a different emotion.

fake

One reason we might hide our emotions is to avoid making others feel ______ (worse / better).

worse

In some cases, we exaggerate our emotional experiences through a strategy called ______ (intensification / suppression).

intensification

An example of intensification is laughing really ______ (hard / softly) at a joke to make the other person feel better, even if you don’t find it funny.

hard

If you exaggerate your joy when receiving a gift to make the giver feel good, this is called ______ (intensification / neutralization).

intensification

When you suppress your anger and show a neutral face instead of an angry one, you're using ______ (masking / intensification).

masking

______ (Masking / Neutralizing) involves changing your emotional expression completely, such as smiling when you're upset.

Masking

Showing no emotion, like having a 'poker face,' is an example of ______ (neutralizing / intensification).

neutralizing

The strategies of intensification, masking, and neutralizing are often influenced by ______ (social / biological) reasons.

social

You might exaggerate your emotions to avoid making others ______ (comfortable / uncomfortable).

uncomfortable

A person who is skilled at faking emotions, such as an actor, may still have some facial cues that reveal their true feelings, even though they can ______ (mask / intensify) their emotions.

mask

One way to detect fake emotions is through ______ (morphology / symmetry), which involves looking at certain muscles in the face, especially around the eyes.

morphology

True emotional expressions tend to be ______ (asymmetrical / symmetrical), while fake expressions are often uneven.

symmetrical

Genuine emotional expressions last between half a second and ______ (five minutes / five seconds).

five seconds

A smile that is too quick or too long is often a sign of ______ (genuineness / insincerity).

insincerity

The order in which facial expressions occur is known as ______ (temporal patterning / symmetry).

temporal patterning

True emotional expressions tend to appear ______ (suddenly / gradually), while fake expressions appear suddenly.

gradually

The ability to manage emotions and decide when to display or suppress certain feelings is called ______ (emotional regulation / emotional expression).

emotional regulation

If you're upset at work and choose not to show it to others, you're using ______ (emotional regulation / emotional suppression).

emotional regulation

Managing the emotions, thoughts, physiological responses, and behaviors involved in regulating emotions can be ______ (easy / challenging), especially with intense emotions.

challenging

The physiological responses involved in emotional regulation may include changes like an ______ (increased heart rate / decreased heart rate).

increased heart rate

Emotions like ______ (fear / joy) are often more challenging to regulate when intense.

fear

High arousal emotions are more difficult to ______ (control / ignore), making emotional regulation more challenging.

control

Emotional regulation involves both ______ (biological instincts / learned strategies) and learned strategies.

biological instincts

In the early months of life, babies rely on ______ (parents / themselves) for emotional regulation.

parents

Babies can regulate emotions early on by controlling where they ______ (look / play). For example, they may look away from distressing stimuli.

look

Babies may engage in self-soothing behaviors like ______ (thumb sucking / walking) to regulate their emotions.

thumb sucking

As babies grow, they begin using ______ (self-talk / facial expressions) as a way to regulate emotions.

self-talk

Toddlers may learn to calm down by telling themselves, '______ (It’s okay / I’m angry)'.

It’s okay

As they develop, toddlers also begin using physical movement, such as ______ (walking away / clapping) from unpleasant stimuli.

walking away

Distraction involves ______ (diverting / focusing) attention away from an upsetting stimulus.

diverting

Suppression refers to ______ (pushing / embracing) the emotional experience away.

pushing

Affect Labeling is the strategy of ______ (identifying / ignoring) the emotion you're experiencing.

identifying

Reappraisal involves changing the way you think about an emotional stimulus to alter your ______ (response / thoughts).

response

Some people find distraction to be an ______ (effective / ineffective) strategy, while others may struggle with it.

effective

Emotional regulation improves with ______ (age / stress), meaning adults generally become better at using emotional regulation strategies.

age

Suppression can sometimes increase ______ (stress / calmness), but it can be useful if the emotional stimulus can’t be changed.

stress