lec 8+9

Here are the flashcards broken down into numbered details:

Hint: When experiencing an emotion, the brain reacts to a ______ (stimulus / response) in the environment.
Answer: stimulus
Hint: The brain's reaction to a stimulus leads to ______ (subjective / objective) emotional experiences like happiness, sadness, or fear.
Answer: subjective
Hint: Emotions are subjective because ______ (everyone / some people) experience them differently.
Answer: everyone
Hint: An example of a ______ (neural / physiological) response to fear would be an increased heart rate or faster breathing.
Answer: physiological
Hint: The brain may plan how to ______ (respond / ignore) to fear, either by fighting or escaping the stimulus.
Answer: respond
Hint: Emotions drive us to take ______ (action / inaction), such as running away from fear or embracing joy.
Answer: action
Hint: Emotion is defined as a positive or negative experience in response to an environmental ______ (stimulus / reaction).
Answer: stimulus
Hint: Emotion is also associated with a particular pattern of ______ (behavioral / physiological) activity.
Answer: physiological
Hint: Valence refers to whether the emotion is ______ (positive / negative) or ______ (positive / negative).
Answer: positive, negative
Hint: Arousal refers to the ______ (intensity / calmness) of the emotion.
Answer: intensity
Hint: Melancholy is a ______ (high-arousal / low-arousal) emotion.
Answer: low-arousal
Hint: Fear and hilarity are examples of ______ (high-arousal / low-arousal) emotions.
Answer: high-arousal
Hint: Emotions like excitement are ______ (positively / negatively) valenced and ______ (high / low) arousal.
Answer: positively, high
Hint: Sadness or depression are ______ (positively / negatively) valenced and ______ (high / low) arousal.
Answer: negatively, low
Hint: Sleepiness is a ______ (positively / negatively) valenced emotion with ______ (high / low) arousal.
Answer: positively, low
Hint: Emotions are mapped on a two-dimensional plane with ______ (valence / arousal) on one axis and ______ (valence / arousal) on the other.
Answer: valence, arousal
Hint: Emotions like fear or alarm are ______ (negatively / positively) valenced and ______ (high / low) arousal.
Answer: negatively, high
Hint: Emotions like excitement are ______ (negatively / positively) valenced and ______ (high / low) arousal.
Answer: positively, high
Hint: Emotions like sadness or depression are ______ (negatively / positively) valenced but ______ (high / low) arousal.
Answer: negatively, low
Hint: Sleepiness is a ______ (positively / negatively) valenced emotion but with ______ (high / low) arousal.
Answer: positively, low
Hint: Most emotions fall within a ______ (circle / square) in the diagram, indicating a mix of positive/negative and high/low arousal.
Answer: circle
Hint: There is rarely an emotion that falls in the ______ (center / edge) of the circle, as this would suggest no intensity or valence.
Answer: center
Hint: An emotion at the center of the circle would imply an emotional state of being ______ (neutral / highly intense).
Answer: neutral
Hint: In practice, emotions always fall somewhere in the ______ (center / circle), either positive or negative, with varying levels of intensity.
Answer: circle
Hint: When identifying an emotion, you should be able to determine whether it’s ______ (high / low) arousal and whether it’s ______ (positive / negative) in valence.
Answer: high, positive
Hint: The brain’s response to emotional stimuli from the environment is a complex process involving multiple brain ______ (structures / organs).
Answer: structures
Hint: The ______ (amygdala / prefrontal cortex) plays a key role in emotional experiences but is only one part of the process.
Answer: amygdala
Hint: The amygdala is part of the more ______ (advanced / primitive) brain regions that we share with many non-human animals.
Answer: primitive
Hint: The amygdala processes ______ (biologically relevant / irrelevant) information quickly, especially things that affect our survival.
Answer: biologically relevant
Hint: The ______ (prefrontal cortex / amygdala) is a more advanced part of the brain that helps process information rationally and more slowly.
Answer: prefrontal cortex
Hint: The amygdala and the prefrontal cortex work together in ______ (parallel / opposition) to process emotional stimuli.
Answer: parallel
Hint: When a stimulus is detected, the sensory organs send the information to the ______ (thalamus / prefrontal cortex), which then projects it to the amygdala.
Answer: thalamus
Hint: The amygdala triggers a ______ (fear / joy) response when it receives the stimulus.
Answer: fear
Hint: At the same time, the thalamus sends the information to the ______ (sensory cortices / amygdala), where it is processed more slowly by the prefrontal cortex.
Answer: sensory cortices
Hint: The prefrontal cortex helps make sense of the situation, realizing that it’s ______ (a threat / just your friend) in the case of a surprise encounter.
Answer: just your friend
Hint: The prefrontal cortex downregulates the ______ (fear / excitement) response once the threat is identified as non-dangerous.
Answer: fear
Hint: The two-pathway system allows us to react to fear quickly, while also giving us the ability to ______ (assess / ignore) the situation.
Answer: assess
Hint: In more dangerous situations, such as encountering a wild animal, the prefrontal cortex would ______ (upregulate / downregulate) the fear response to prepare us to act.
Answer: upregulate
Hint: Emotions help us respond to our environment in ways that increase our chances of ______ (survival / comfort).
Answer: survival
Hint: Facial expressions, like disgust, have evolved as ______ (adaptive / irrelevant) behaviors to protect us from harmful stimuli.
Answer: adaptive
Hint: When experiencing disgust, we may scrunch our ______ (nose / mouth), narrow our ______ (eyes / ears), and purse our ______ (lips / eyebrows).
Answer: nose, eyes, lips
Hint: The facial expression of fear involves opening our ______ (eyes / mouth) wide, flaring our ______ (nostrils / eyebrows), and slightly opening our ______ (mouth / eyes).
Answer: eyes, nostrils, mouth
Hint: Fear facial expressions help us gather ______ (information / emotions) quickly and prepare our bodies to react, such as by getting more ______ (oxygen / blood).
Answer: information, oxygen
Hint: Charles Darwin’s "universality hypothesis" suggests that facial expressions of emotion are ______ (culturally specific / universal) and biologically ingrained.
Answer: universal
Hint: Darwin’s hypothesis claims that humans, regardless of culture, express emotions like fear or disgust in ______ (similar / different) ways.
Answer: similar
Hint: There is ______ (no / some) evidence supporting Darwin’s universality hypothesis, showing that facial expressions of emotions are shared across cultures.
Answer: some
Hint: People born with visual impairments, such as those who are ______ (blind / deaf), smile in similar ways as people with vision when they experience joy.
Answer: blind
Hint: The argument in favor of the universality hypothesis suggests that babies who are blind and have never seen a human face smile still do so because they ______ (learn / innately know) how to smile.
Answer: innately know
Hint: Even really young newborn babies naturally make ______ (disgust / joy) faces, not because they learned them from their parents.
Answer: disgust
Hint: Studies in isolated communities suggest that these cultures evaluate facial expressions ______ (similarly / differently) to non-isolated cultures.
Answer: similarly

Here's the numbered list starting from 51:

Hint: Some isolated cultures, like those in South America, Guinea, and central Australia, seem to be ______ (isolated / integrated) with the rest of the world.
Answer: isolated
Hint: Evidence from isolated cultures shows that they often respond to facial expressions in the same way as individuals from ______ (non-isolated / global) cultures.
Answer: non-isolated
Hint: Different cultures may use ______ (eye expressions / mouth movements) differently, suggesting cultural influences on emotional expression.
Answer: eye expressions
Hint: One criticism of studies on isolated cultures is that they may suffer from ______ (confirmation bias / statistical bias), where researchers design studies that unintentionally confirm their beliefs.
Answer: confirmation bias
Hint: In studies with isolated cultures, participants were given a sad story and shown a series of faces, a method called the ______ (forced-choice paradigm / open-ended method).
Answer: forced-choice paradigm
Hint: In forced-choice studies, individuals from isolated cultures often choose the ______ (fearful / joyful) face when shown a sad story.
Answer: fearful
Hint: When individuals from isolated cultures were asked to make the face they would make if they lost their child, their facial expression did not look exactly the same as those from ______ (non-isolated / other) cultures.
Answer: non-isolated
Hint: The debate over the universality hypothesis is still ongoing because of ______ (variations / similarities) among human facial expressions.
Answer: variations
Hint: The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that facial expressions can ______ (reinforce / undermine) our emotional experiences.
Answer: reinforce
Hint: The facial feedback hypothesis challenges the idea that emotional experiences always ______ (cause / follow) facial expressions.
Answer: cause
Hint: In a study on facial feedback, participants who held a pencil between their ______ (lips / teeth) felt less positive emotions than those who held it between their teeth.
Answer: lips
Hint: The group that held the pencil between their ______ (lips / teeth) reported feeling happier during the study.
Answer: teeth
Hint: The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that both emotional experiences and facial expressions ______ (cause / reinforce) each other.
Answer: reinforce
Hint: We can create ______ (authentic / fake) emotional expressions to trick others into thinking we are experiencing a different emotion.
Answer: fake
Hint: One reason we might hide our emotions is to avoid making others feel ______ (worse / better).
Answer: worse
Hint: In some cases, we exaggerate our emotional experiences through a strategy called ______ (intensification / suppression).
Answer: intensification
Hint: An example of intensification is laughing really ______ (hard / softly) at a joke to make the other person feel better, even if you don’t find it funny.
Answer: hard
Hint: If you exaggerate your joy when receiving a gift to make the giver feel good, this is called ______ (intensification / neutralization).
Answer: intensification
Hint: When you suppress your anger and show a neutral face instead of an angry one, you're using ______ (masking / intensification).
Answer: intensification
Hint: ______ (Masking / Neutralizing) involves changing your emotional expression completely, such as smiling when you're upset.
Answer: Masking
Hint: Showing no emotion, like having a "poker face," is an example of ______ (neutralizing / intensification).
Answer: neutralizing
Hint: The strategies of intensification, masking, and neutralizing are often influenced by ______ (social / biological) reasons.
Answer: social
Hint: You might exaggerate your emotions to avoid making others ______ (comfortable / uncomfortable).
Answer: uncomfortable
Hint: A person who is skilled at faking emotions, such as an actor, may still have some facial cues that reveal their true feelings, even though they can ______ (mask / intensify) their emotions.
Answer: mask
Hint: One way to detect fake emotions is through ______ (morphology / symmetry), which involves looking at certain muscles in the face, especially around the eyes.
Answer: morphology
Hint: True emotional expressions tend to be ______ (asymmetrical / symmetrical), while fake expressions are often uneven.
Answer: symmetrical
Hint: Genuine emotional expressions last between half a second and ______ (five minutes / five seconds).
Answer: five seconds
Hint: A smile that is too quick or too long is often a sign of ______ (genuineness / insincerity).
Answer: insincerity
Hint: The order in which facial expressions occur is known as ______ (temporal patterning / symmetry).
Answer: temporal patterning
Hint: True emotional expressions tend to appear ______ (suddenly / gradually), while fake expressions appear suddenly.
Answer: gradually
Hint: The ability to manage emotions and decide when to display or suppress certain feelings is called ______ (emotional regulation / emotional expression).
Answer: emotional regulation
Hint: If you're upset at work and choose not to show it to others, you're using ______ (emotional regulation / emotional suppression).
Answer: emotional regulation
Hint: Managing the emotions, thoughts, physiological responses, and behaviors involved in regulating emotions can be ______ (easy / challenging), especially with intense emotions.
Answer: challenging
Hint: The physiological responses involved in emotional regulation may include changes like an ______ (increased heart rate / decreased heart rate).
Answer: increased heart rate
Hint: Emotions like ______ (fear / joy) are often more challenging to regulate when intense.
Answer: fear
Hint: High arousal emotions are more difficult to ______ (control / ignore), making emotional regulation more challenging.
Answer: control
Hint: Emotional regulation involves both ______ (biological instincts / learned strategies) and learned strategies.
Answer: biological instincts
Hint: In the early months of life, babies rely on ______ (parents / themselves) for emotional regulation.
Answer: parents
Hint: Babies can regulate emotions early on by controlling where they ______ (look / play). For example, they may look away from distressing stimuli.
Answer: look
Hint: Babies may engage in self-soothing behaviors like ______ (thumb sucking / walking) to regulate their emotions.
Answer: thumb sucking
Hint: As babies grow, they begin using ______ (self-talk / facial expressions) as a way to regulate emotions.
Answer: self-talk
Hint: Toddlers may learn to calm down by telling themselves, "______ (It’s okay / I’m angry)".
Answer: It’s okay
Hint: As they develop, toddlers also begin using physical movement, such as ______ (walking away / clapping) from unpleasant stimuli.
Answer: walking away
Hint: Distraction involves ______ (diverting / focusing) attention away from an upsetting stimulus.
Answer: diverting
Hint: Suppression refers to ______ (pushing / embracing) the emotional experience away.
Answer: pushing
Hint: Affect Labeling is the strategy of ______ (identifying / ignoring) the emotion you're experiencing.
Answer: identifying
Hint: Reappraisal involves changing the way you think about an emotional stimulus to alter your ______ (response / thoughts).
Answer: response
Hint: Some people find distraction to be an ______ (effective / ineffective) strategy, while others may struggle with it.
Answer: effective
Hint: Emotional regulation improves with ______ (age / stress), meaning adults generally become better at using emotional regulation strategies.
Answer: age
Hint: Suppression can sometimes increase ______ (stress / calmness), but it can be useful if the emotional stimulus can’t be changed.
Answer: stress
Hint: Suppressing emotions is sometimes helpful when you’re preparing for something you ______ (can / can’t) control.
Answer: can’t
Hint: There will be no lecture on the morning of ______ (February 14th / March 1st) due to the midterm in the afternoon.
Answer: February 14th
Hint: After reading week, lectures will resume with the topic of ______ (personality theory / emotional regulation).
Answer: personality theory