Csds 117 Exam 2 methods for simplifying target behaviors, forward and backward chaining, various types of conditioned reinforcers

Methods for simplifying target behaviors

Shaping, Task Analyses, Chaining,

Shaping

reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior; Involves accepting less desirable responses at first, then gradually expecting better performance

How to Shape a Response

Define terminal form of target behavior/Define successive approximations/Use additional antecedent support when necessary/Reinforce successive approximations of target behavior/Collect data + monitor progress

Task Analyses

Involves breaking a complex skill into smaller, teachable units, product of which is a series of sequentially ordered steps + tasks/Often useful for teaching parents/teachers how to implement our interventions

Behavior chain

A sequence of related behaviors, each of which provides the cue for the next, and the last of which produces a reinforcer/A task analysis typically describes a behavior chain

Chaining

reinforcement of successive elements of behavior chain

Forward Chaining

chaining procedure that begins with first element in chain and progresses to the last element

Forward Chaining generally

clinician initially teaches first chain task, Once client has established this task, they're expected to perform 1st + 2nd task prior to receiving reinforcement, continues until all behavior chain components are produced in order

Backward Chaining

chaining procedure that begins with last element in chain and progresses to the first element

Backward Chaining

clinician initially teaches the last chain task, Once client has established this task, they're expected to perform last + 2nd to last task prior to receiving reinforcement, continues until all behavior chain components are produced in order

Consequence-based treatments involve

altering the environmental events that occur after the behavior of interest

To increase desirable behaviors, this includes

Positive reinforcement; unconditioned reinforcers/conditioned/negative Reinforcers

Positive reinforcement

Unconditioned Reinforcers/Conditioned reinforcers

Unconditioned Reinforcers

dont depend upon prior conditioning/effects of these reinforcers dont have to be taught

Unconditioned Reinforcers Examples

food, water, shelter, + sensory stimulation

Unconditioned Reinforcers Benefits

strong reinforcing value

Unconditioned Reinforcers Disadvantages

only effective in states of deprivation, not natural reinforcers for many speech-language skills

Conditioned Reinforcers Types

Social Reinforcement, Token Economies, Premack Principle

Social Reinforcement

A type of conditioned reinforcer that is mediated by a listener's attention, feedback, etc.

Social Reinforcement Examples

Verbal Praise/Informative Feedback

Social Reinforcement Benefits

plays a primary role in many verbal operants, a natural consequence

Social Reinforcement Disadvantages

may not serve as a reinforcing consequence for individuals with severe speech-language needs, not applicable to pure mands

Token Economies

Based on the principle of generalized conditioned reinforcement

Generalized conditioned reinforcers

conditioned reinforcers that allow individuals to a wide variety of other reinforcers/Not dependent on a state of deprivation

Token economies include three components

The target behavior/The generalized conditioned reinforcer/The backup reinforcer

Token Economies Benefits

Don't depend on a state of deprivation/Not susceptible to satiation effect/Easily administered + don't interrupt flow of treatment

Token Economies Disadvantages

Can be costly if clinician has to purchase variety of backup reinforcers

Premack Principle

Based on concept that high-probability behaviors can serve as reinforcers for low- probability behaviors(preferred activities can be used to reinforce behaviors less frequently exhibited), "Frist/then" or "if/then" contingencies

Negative reinforcement

Escape/Avoidance