AP Biology Unit 1: Chemistry of Life Summary

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What is the chemical formula of water?

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1

What is the chemical formula of water?

H2O

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2

Why is water considered a polar molecule?

Because of the uneven distribution of charge, with oxygen having a partial negative charge and hydrogen having a partial positive charge.

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3

What are the three main properties of water that are important for biological systems?

Cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension.

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4

What term describes the attraction between water molecules?

Cohesion.

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5

What role does nitrogen play in biological molecules?

Nitrogen is a component of nucleic acids and proteins.

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6

What are the six most common elements found in living organisms?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur (abbreviated as CHNOPS).

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7

What process is used to join monomers to form a polymer in biological macromolecules?

Dehydration synthesis.

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8

Which biological macromolecules are formed from amino acid monomers?

Proteins.

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9

What bond is formed between two amino acids when they link together?

Peptide bond.

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10

What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA.

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11

What is the key difference in sugars between RNA and DNA?

RNA contains ribose, while DNA contains deoxyribose.

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12

How do the nitrogenous bases bond in DNA?

Adenine pairs with Thymine (or Uracil in RNA) with two hydrogen bonds, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine with three hydrogen bonds.

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13

What type of reaction adds water to break a polymer into monomers?

Hydrolysis reaction.

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14

What are lipids and how do they differ from carbohydrates?

Lipids are hydrophobic molecules that do not have a true monomer and have a higher ratio of hydrogen to oxygen compared to carbohydrates.

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15

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

To serve as a primary source of chemical energy and to provide structural support.

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16

What is the unique structure of a phospholipid?

Phospholipids have two hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic phosphate group head.

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17

What is metabolic pathways in an organism?

The sum of all chemical reactions that take place within an organism.

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18

What happens to proteins when they denature?

Their structure is altered, which directly affects their function.

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19

What do the terms 'anabolic' and 'catabolic' refer to in metabolism?

Anabolic refers to reactions that build molecules, while catabolic refers to reactions that break down molecules.

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20

What is a macromolecule?

A large, complex molecule, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, that is essential to biological functions.

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21

How many different amino acids can be combined to form proteins?

Twenty different amino acids.

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