Anthropology 101 Final

What is the definition of race?

social category, not biological, with measurable social and biological consequences.

What is the significance of intersectionality in income comparison?

Black and Hispanic individuals earn lower incomes compared to white men, who have higher incomes than all women groups.

What is essentialism in the context of race?

refers to the belief in natural groupings with consistent, shared characteristics inherent to groups.

What does determinism imply in biological race concepts?

suggests that biology and genetics determine traits, including behavior and social structures.

What evidence supports the idea that race is a social phenomenon?

Cultural definitions of race vary over time and space, as seen in the changing options in the US Census.

How does skin tone vary among modern humans?

Skin tone variation is an adaptation influenced by natural selection, primarily related to UV radiation exposure.

What is clinal variation?

refers to the gradual change in traits over geographic space without sharp boundaries.

How does structural racism contribute to health disparities?

leads to unequal treatment in healthcare, such as differences in pain management prescriptions between races.

What is the biocultural approach in understanding health disparities?

examines how biological and cultural factors intersect to influence health outcomes.

How do anthropologists define 'sex'?

refers to male and female identities based on internal and external sex organs and chromosomes.

What is the definition of gender in anthropology?

encompasses the expectations of thought and behavior assigned to different sexes by various groups.

What historical perspectives have influenced anthropological approaches to gender?

Anthropological approaches have evolved from biological perspectives to include cultural, linguistic, and feminist evaluations.

What is gender identity?

each person's internal understanding of their own gender, shaped by cultural influences.

What does gender expression refer to?

involves culturally approved ways of expressing oneself, including personal appearance and behavior.

How has feminist scholarship impacted the understanding of gender?

has shifted the focus from idealized roles to recognizing the complexities of women's experiences.

What is the concept of hegemony in gender studies?

refers to dominant ideas that define what is permissible and serve as standards for measuring actions.

What is biological determinism?

is the belief that biological sex determines gender identity.

What is social constructionism in relation to gender?

posits that gender is a fluid identity constructed through social expression rather than a fixed essence.

What is the significance of the term 'cisgender'?

describes individuals whose gender identity and expression align with their birth sex, highlighting unexamined gender norms.

How do power and cultural context shape gendered experiences?

Power dynamics and cultural contexts influence how gender is experienced and understood across different societies.

What does the term 'intersectionality' refer to?

is a lens for understanding how different forms of power and identity intersect and affect individuals' experiences.

What role does cultural context play in shaping gender expectations?

shapes the expectations and norms associated with gender, influencing behavior and identity.

How has the perception of Irish immigrants changed in terms of race?

Irish immigrants were once viewed as racially inferior, only being considered white under certain circumstances.

What is the relationship between skin tone and vitamin D absorption?

Lighter skin colors allow for better absorption of vitamin D, while darker skin provides protection against UV radiation.

What is the impact of environmental racism on health?

can lead to health issues, as seen in communities affected by contamination and poor living conditions.

How do anthropologists view the concept of gender as fluid?

Anthropologists recognize that gender is not static but rather a constructed identity that can change over time and across cultures.

What is the difference between sex and gender?

Sex is biological, while gender is social/cultural.

What are gametes?

sex cells, specifically eggs and sperm.

What is anisogamy?

refers to the condition where the two gametes are of different sizes, with the egg being the largest and sperm being one of the smallest cells in the body.

What is oogamy?

is a form of reproduction involving a large, immobile egg and a mobile sperm.

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Humans have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs.

What determines biological sex in humans?

determined by the combination of sex chromosomes: XX for female and XY for male.

What is the role of the SRY gene?

located on the Y chromosome, triggers male sex differentiation.

What happens in the absence of the SRY gene?

the default developmental pathway leads to female characteristics.

What is Klinefelter Syndrome?

is a condition where an individual has an XXY chromosome pattern, leading to small testes and development of breast tissue.

What is Turner Syndrome?

is a condition characterized by the presence of only one X chromosome, leading to underdevelopment of female secondary sexual characteristics.

What is Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?

occurs in individuals with XY chromosomes who have internal testes but develop external female characteristics.

What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?

is a condition in XX individuals where adrenal glands produce excess androgens, leading to enlarged clitoris and ambiguous genitalia.

What are Guevedoces?

are XY individuals assigned female at birth who develop male genitalia at puberty.

What does Emily Martin's work highlight about sex?

Emily Martin's work emphasizes that biological sex is not strictly binary and is influenced by sociocultural factors.

How does culture influence the understanding of sex?

Culture shapes how societies define and categorize sex, often framing social roles as biologically natural.

What is the significance of mutualism in dog domestication?

Mutualism at human camps allowed early wolves to scavenge near humans, leading to reduced fear and eventual domestication.

What is self-domestication in wolves?

refers to the process where less aggressive, more socially tolerant wolves were favored by humans, leading to domestication.

How do dogs and wolves differ in social organization?

Dogs have flexible social structures that allow for cooperation and communication with humans, unlike wolves' pack-based structures.

What roles do dogs perform for humans?

Dogs are bred for various jobs including herding, guarding, sledding, hunting, detection, and assistance roles.

What symbolic roles do dogs play in mythology?

Dogs are often depicted as guardians and guides, reflecting loyalty and their role at cultural thresholds.

What is the relationship between dogs and other species?

Dogs are descended from gray wolves and are closely related to coyotes and jackals, forming a distinct lineage shaped by human selection.

What is the impact of selective use of science on gender roles?

Selective use of scientific evidence can reinforce rigid gender roles by framing social norms as biologically innate.

What are feedback loops in the context of gender roles?

refer to how social roles can shape behavior and biological changes, which are then misinterpreted as causes.

What hormone is elevated in both humans and dogs during mutual gaze?

Oxytocin

What physiological response is associated with positive contact with dogs?

Lower cortisol levels and changes in heart rate variability

What is the commensal scavenger hypothesis regarding dog domestication?

Wolves with reduced fear settled near human camps, leading to self-domestication.

What is the cooperative hunting hypothesis?

Humans and proto-dogs formed hunting partnerships, selecting for coordination and food sharing.

What archaeological evidence supports the timing of dog domestication?

Early dog-like remains in Late Pleistocene contexts and intentional burials with humans.

What are some behavioral differences between domesticated dogs and wolves?

Greater social tolerance, responsiveness to human cues, and playfulness into adulthood.

What morphological changes occur in domesticated dogs compared to wolves?

Shorter snouts, varied coat colors, floppy ears, and curly tails.

What cognitive shifts are observed in domesticated dogs?

Enhanced ability to interpret human pointing, gaze, and vocal tones.

What dietary adaptation is seen in many dog populations?

Increased starch digestion capacity reflecting adaptation to human-provided foods.

What is kinship?

A system of meaning to determine who is related to whom and define mutual expectations.

How do different cultures reckon kinship?

Through systems like fictive kinship, which includes practical relationships beyond biological ties.

What is the significance of kinship diagrams?

They help determine consanguineal vs. affinal kin and rules of descent.

What is the difference between consanguineal and affinal kin?

Consanguineal kin are blood relatives, while affinal kin are related through marriage.

What is the purpose of marriage?

A socially accepted union that expands kin networks and defines rights and responsibilities.

What are incest taboos?

Cultural prohibitions against marrying closely related individuals.

How do human marriage systems compare to non-human primate mating systems?

Humans can have monogamy, polygamy, and group marriage, while primates have various mating structures.

What are postmarital residence practices?

Patterns of where couples live after marriage, such as patrilocal or matrilocal.

What is patrilocal residence?

Living near the husband's family after marriage.

What is matrilocal residence?

Living near the wife's family after marriage.

What is ambilocal residence?

Choosing to live near either spouse's family.

What is the significance of studying cross-cultural marriage practices?

It reveals how marriage varies across cultures and historical periods.