Chapter 11: Chinese and Korean Art before 1279

describe important finding and contribution to art history and knowledge surrounding warrior and colour purple for the Terra Cotta Soldiers.

terra cotta soldiers- mausoleum of Emperor shihuangdi, Lintong, , qin dynasty. c 210 BCE, Earthen ware.

China army made terra cotta warrior to protect emperor in after life,8000 soldiers made with 100 life size ceramic horses standing in military format ready for battle. Guarding emperor Shihuangdi who united the states of China into the empire the Qi found bronze carriages and horses shwoing tech and naturalism.. unified 7 kingdom into an emperor(China). Made a tomb, 6ft 600 lbs. largest human sacrifice ever found, 100-200 corpse, mass slaughter ,ppl  were happy to die, death was another form of life, . Arsenic found on skulls meaning drank arsenic wine and poisoned to death, believed in human sacrifice but didn’t like it. Ritual system to die, violence of war changed human sacrifice, war lasted 250 years. Unification of China meant less human sacrifice because they need ppl because of low population. Terra cottas were replacing real ppl in sacrifices. No two Terra cotta are alike. Very individual. Problem: finding clay, making lots and quickly, workers stamped their work, makers would . Coiled clay on layers made the warriors therefore were not make the body out of the molds. Clay coiling makes it easier to make diff warrior(like humans),, 87 diff name stamped don warrior, house near tombs to make terra cotta year round. Tera Cotta’s colour disappeared after excavations. Statutes were full of colour, used lacquer to cover terra cotta .Jade would make them immortal.

 

-china had fascination for antiquity. Only since 1920’s have started digging yet so much found Chinese history has been rewritten many times. Distinctive because had early early advances in ceramics and metalwork and elaborate working with jade. Early use of potter’s wheel, reduction of firing, invention of high-fired stoneware and porcelain showed tech advances of chinese ceramics. Imaginative bronze casting and elite mold making techniques for metalwork. Early Jade work shows technological competence with rotary tools and abrasion and aesthetic passion for subleties of shape, proportion, surface texture. Confucian values, Later embraced Buddhist tradition from India in princerly presentation of buddhist divines, and powerful/meditative figures of buddhas,showed in devine potentail of human condition.

-Most distinguishable china tradition is landscape, painting of mountains and water with black ink for medium of vastness, abundance, endurance of nature. Influenced east Asia , growth of Korea which transmitted to Japan.

describe the middle kingdom

China's uninterrupted development has been traced back for 8,000 years.

The three great rivers Huang He Yellow(china’s sorrow), Yangzi, and Xi became the cultural heart of China. Qinling mountains divides inner china in north and south.

Agriculture based on rice and millet arose before 5000 BCE and supported sophisticated towns dating to as early as 4000 BCE.

At Jiangzhai was found over 100 dwellings, discovered around a communal center cemetery and kiln. Earliest chinese palace dated 2000 BCE.

BOWL
From Banpo, near Xi'an, Shaanxi. Neolithic period, Yangshao culture, 5000-4000 BCE.
Painted pottery

-Shallow red bowl with turned-out rim. By yellow rover. One of the most important of painted pottery of neolithic china. Not made on potter’s wheel but perfectly round, highly polished surface, advanced tech. Marking from shards shows early writing in China then fully developed in 2nd millennium BCE the later bronze age.

Inside pair of stylized fish showing importance of fishing. Faces between fish unsure why but may be a ancestral figure who assures an abundant catch. Worship of ancestors and nature spirits a fundamental of Chinese beliefs.

DRAWING OF THE MASK DECORATION ON A JADE CONG
Neolithic period, Liangzhu culture, 3200-2200 BCE

-Liangzhu culture- Banpo lied near the great bend in yellow river, cradle of chinese civilization, archaeological finds reveals neolithic cultures spread over far geography.

Human and animal images, often mask more. than 5000years old. Large round eyes, flat nose, rectangular mouth protrudes slightly from the background pattern of wirelike lines. Above forehead a smaller face grimaces from under headress. Upper face is human riding animal below. Mask reproduce 1 of 8 relief form large jade cong, resembling a cylindrical tube encased in a rectangular bock.

unsure meaning of mask . Animals and human seems to show supernatural beings/deities/dead ancestors. Similar mask later found for motif of bronze age ritual objects. Mask motif as “ Taotie”.

CONG
Neolithic period, Liangzhu culture, 3200-2200 BCE

-Liangzhu culture- lustrous smooth finish similar to mask motifs. Both congs found near remains of body with numerous jade objects. Sophistacted jade working, emerging 3300 BCE. Jde is difficult to carve, must use sand as an abrasive to grind stone. Jade carving as forerunner central image.

Describe Bronze Age China and its technique

Bronze casting using the piece-mold casting technique arose independently in China, and it attained a high level of sophistication.

The early piece-mold technique for bronze casting is different from the lost-wax process.

A clay model was made first then pressed in damp clay for mold, then cut into pieces and later reesembled and eventually the molten bronze would be poured in.

An example is a fang ding(vessel), found near Yin royal tombs

A ding is a ceremonial cooking vessel used in Shang rituals and buried in Shang tombs.

Ding shown is largest Shang Ding ever recovered.

Descrbe Shang Dynasty

There were three Bronze Age dynasties: the Xia, the Shang, and the Zhou.

China's bronze age began with the Shang dynasty in the Yellow River valley.

Shang thought to be legendary. Surrounded by states.The ruling group possessed bronze technology for weapons.Maintained authority by claiming power intermediate between supernatural and human realms. Chief Shang deity, Shangdi, thought to be “great ancestor”. Nature and fertility spirits honoured and sacrifices to keep spirit of dead ancestors vital to help living.

Shang priest communicated with supernatural world through oracle bones. Animal bone/tortoise shell was inscripted with question then heated until cracked: crack as answer. Contain earliest know form of chinese writing.

COVERED RITUAL WINE-POURING VESSEL (GUANG) WITH TIGER AND OWL DÉCOR
Shang dynasty, 13th century BCE. Cast bronze,

Ritual Bronzes, Container for offerings of food and wine. Basic repertoire of 30 shapes. Shows rendition of animal form. Spout and cover take form of head and body of tiger, rear portions as owls. Geometric decor with zoomorphic forms. Related to hunting life of Shang , deeper significance unknown. Shang creature are mysterious same attitude toward supernatural world.

Descrive cines characters

word with own symbol(characters). Some Characters originated as pictographs of what the depict. Characters form by radical. Writing important part of chinese unity of civilizations through centuries.

Describe the Zhou dynasty

The Shang were conquered by the Zhou about 1100 BCE.

The Zhou established the mandate of heaven, or the belief that imperial rule was sanctioned directly from the supreme deity.

Many great philosophers lived during this dynasty, including Confucius, whose system of philosophy became central to Chinese thought and culture, shift from supernatural to human world.

SET OF BELLS
From the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng, Suixian, Hubei. Zhou dynasty, 433 BCE.
Bronze, with bronze and timber frame,

Great philosophers arose .’ 100 schools of philosophy” indicating switch from supernatural to human world.Burials larger than before reflected continuation of beliefs.

-ritual objects, carillon of 65 bronze components

Each belle makes two tones, one when struck at center then one at corner.

Arranged in scale pattern in a variety of registers.

Musicians moved carillon striking bells in order. Played for supernatural at rituals,

taotie at front and back of each bell

ntricate and stylized because of lost wax pocess.

Music important for Marquis thus the 15000 objects recovered from tomb were musical instruments. Zhen was smallest and most short lived state in Eastern Zhou, but content of tomb showed quality and quantity.

Describe the The Chinese Empire: Qin Dynasty

China was united again in 221 BCE under Qin Shihuangdi, first time by single ruler.

He built an underground mausoleum at Lintong that was excavated in 1974 and discovered to contain thousands of terra-cotta soldiers and horses.

His tomb has not yet been opened but is speculated to replicate the world as it was known to the Qin.

describe Han Dynasty and name and art piece from then

During the Han dynasty, China enjoyed peace, prosperity, and stability.

The Silk Road, a land route that linked China by trade all the way to Rome, was opened. Early han dynasty marked mythocentric age.

art piece: looks like early world view, found on tomb of nobble woman, pained scenes of 3 levels f universe; heaven, earth, underworld and portraits of deceased. Heavenly reals on top, right corner sun with crow, left toad on moon, between is torch dragon with man deity with serpents tail, celestial animals beneath them. Gate guarded by seated figures at horizontal heaven meets vertical stem. Intertwines dragons go through jade. known as bi, symbol of heaven, diving segment into 2, above bi first stage of heaven realm where deceased woman and 3 attendants stand on platform and two knealing attendant welcome her. Stone chimes are ceremonial instruments from zhou times, bronze vessels hold food and wine like Shang tombs. Squat(muscular man holding platforms) stand of fish bodies forming bi. Fish and ther from underworld.

PAINTED BANNER
From the tomb of the Marquess of Dai, Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan.
Han dynasty, c. 160 BCE. Colors on silk

Han Philosophy and art

-Marked new age because of philosophical ideals of Daoism and Confucianism formed in eastern Zhou , became central china thought, since its flourished

Describe Daoism and Confucian

Daoism is an outlook on life that brings together many ancient ideas regarding humankind and the universe.

Its primary text is the Daodejing”way and power”, s ascribed to Laozi and said to be contemporary of Confucius.

A secondary text is Zhuangzi.

Together, the two texts formed a body of ideas that crystallized into a school of thought during the Han period.

The Dao is the Ultimate Way, the Way of the universe.

It is often said that the Chinese are Confucians in public and Daoists in private. Scholars into responsible, ethical, officials,

The two approaches seem to balance each other.

Confucianism is a rational political philosophy that emphasizes propriety, deference, duty, and self-discipline.

Daoism is an intuitive philosophy that emphasizes individualism, nonconformity, and a return to nature.Breathing room for poet and artist onside.

INCENSE BURNER
From the tomb of Prince Liu Sheng, Mancheng, Hebei. Han dynasty, 113 BCE.
Bronze with gold inlay

-Daoism emphasizes nature and humans, bringing individual life into harmony with Dao”the way”. Organized religion with folk practices and search for immortality. Imortality intriguing to Han rulers and Qin. Daoist experimented with diet, physical exsersizes for belief of immortal life on earth.

-Incense burner-Gold inlays surround sea waves, above moutainous islands with birds animals and immortal casted in bronze with inlaid gold. Visionary world in mist of incense when lit.

Whats Confucius and Confusianism

Confucianism=concerned with human world ; attainment of social harmony. Ethic based system for correct relationship among ppl, starting with family, then friend then emperor the state.

Attractive for Han ruler because of social order and distancing myself from legalism of Qin.

Wudi (Han emperor), 141-87 BCE, made confucianism official imperial philosophy, more than 2000 years. Took on so many rituals it became a religion. Han added by infusing Confucianism and chinese cosmology. Zhou idea that emperor ruled by heaven, moral syetm became universal order.

Confucius born in 551 in declining aristocratice fam, 20 years old began to teach. This time wars of supremacy broke and social went down. Dreamed about putting early Zhou dynasty ideas into effect. Taught his last years and his coversations with students collected by disciples into a Analects, a book.

heart of Confucius is ren (human heartedness), empathy and morality for basic standard of human interaction, realized in idea of junzi(gentleman). Originally nobble birth but then through education became superior, right acting and thinking.

Junzi=opposite of small minded. moderation, integrity, self-control.

Confucias- Human and heartedness and justice emphasized Li(etiquette) or evryday manners.For entire society to move in harmony

Ren + Li operate in the realm of the 5 constant relationships that define Confucian society: Parent + child, husband + wife, elder +younger sibling, elder +younger friend, ruler. +subject. responsibilities flow other way ex: Ruler needs loyalty from subject.

early Peoples republic of Chin Confucian thought were denigrated but temples have been restore recently to promote chinese language abroad.

A CLOSER LOOK: A Reception in the Palace
Detail from a rubbing of a stone relief in the Wu family shrine (Wuliangci).
Jiaxiang, Shandong. Han dynasty, 151 CE

-teach Confucian hemes such as respect for emperor, filial piety, wifely devotion. Shows change of chines worldview of 300 years, Banner on heaven, earth, underworld→ humans swarmed by supernatural creature and divine beings. Focus on human realm and human behaviour

-Birds + small figures aluding mythical creatures

—women.empress receiving visitors

-Archer Yi saves world by shooting extra sun-crows threatening it

-Procession of visitor in horse-dawn chariots on way to palace

-en and emperor receing visitor on lower floor

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TOMB MODEL OF A HOUSE AND TOWER
c Tomb 6, Baizhuang, Henan Province. Eastern Han dynasty, 1st century CE.
Painted earthenware, height of main house

-only ceramic models of Han architecture left , found in tombs , intented to house dead in afterlife.

-typicall Han dwelling. 4 storied crowned with watch tower, face small courtyard.Pigs and oxen ground floor , family upper level with windows and light. Bracketing system( architectural element projecting from wall) supports broad eaves of tiled roof, became standard in East asian homes, palaces and temples. Elaborate painting on outside walls, most decorative but some showing structural aspects (post and lintel) and outdoor world. Han palaces decorated with paint and lacquer, inlaid with meatls and stones.

Describe Six Dynasties

With the fall of the Han in 220 CE, China splintered into three warring kingdoms. Nothern + southern China developed seperately.

The Confucian system lost influence.

Intellectuals turned to Daoism for its strong escapist element.

Only available to the educated elite.

Ultimately, the newly arrived religion of Buddhism flourished in the China of the Six Dynasties.

Painting-lil painting but literary says painting s was important. Landscape important, Daoist wanted spiritual refreshment therefore wandering through minds eye through landscape. Contraste d with Confucian view. Theory and aesthetics. Most succinct ideal of chinese by Xie He c.500-535 CE.

TWO PRINCIPLES: Sprit consonance imbues painting with life movement, spirit is Qi , breath of creation and energy flowing through things.

-painting has qi mean its alive with inner essence. Spirit must cultivate in artist to have energy flow through painting.

second principle: Brushwork are “bones’ of picture, structural element, painting is judge by brushwork, its a vehicle of expression: through brush “spirit consonance: makes itself felt.

After Gu Kaizhi DETAIL OF ADMONITIONS OF THE IMPERIAL INSTRUCTRESS TO COURT LADIES
Six Dynasties period or later, 5th-8th century CE.
Handscroll, ink and colors on silk,

-important works from 6t Dynasty period,.From scroll. Alternate text and illustratto relate to 7 Confucian stories of wifely virtue of Chinese history

-Courage of a lady Feng. Bear runs toward husband Han the emperor. 2 women servant behind run. 2male attendent try to fend off bear wth spears. only lady Feng is calm as she places herself between beast and emperor

-thin brush, even width, few outlines file with colour, male feature delineated, Movent shon through conventions(scarves flowing of lady’s dress, indicates rushing)(strings on emperor head shows fear). No setting, depth from figure placement.

on silk with wooven bands, format of hand scroll ( long narrow horizontal composition, compact to be held with both hands and rolled up).Intimate works to be views by a few ppl. Not displayed completely unrolled, savor slowly, arms lenght at a time.

Calligraphy

Wang Xizhi PORTION OF A LETTER FROM THE FENG JU ALBUM
Six Dynasties period, mid 4th century CE.
Ink on paper

-Importance of brushwork shown. Same brush for painting, relationship between since Han times. Confucius praised pursuit of art knowledge. Painting for moral concern and Calligraphy for character reveal. Highest forms of artistic expressions in china over 2000 years by scholars. 4th s=cent came to maturity, most important Wang Xizhi works models excellance.

From letter and mounted as part of album.

Feng Ju example of ”running”, not formal or free but relaxed and easy going. Brush work vary on width and lenght for rhythmic vitality. Character distinct but each character strokes connected and simplifies from one to other. Fluid graceful strong dynamic. Running style accepted and learned by others.

-seals/personal emblems. Date from Zhou, employ archaic character”real script” .

SEATED BUDDHA, CAVE 20, YUNGANG
Datong, Shanxi. Northern Wei dynasty, c. 460.
Stone,

-Silk road influenced buddhsim to China during Han dynasty, Buddhism offered consolation and salvation after death. Spread on all social levels, first in north where invaders promoted as official religion, then south found emperor Liang Wu di (ruled 502-549 ce)/ Monasteries and temples build, monks and nuns became. not much remains of buddhist architecture but similar to Japanese Horyuji temples.

-hundred of rock cut outs aong tarde routes between Xinjiang in central Asia and yellow river valley. Solid rock of cliff. Small caves above for pilgrims /monks, lower larger for wayside shrine/temples.

-earliest phase of buddhist sculpture in China. Carved latter 5th cent by imperial decree of a ruler of the norther Wei dynasty, longest lived and most stable of northern kingdoms. Wei ruler are patrons of buddhism and made way to north.

-Front crumbled away.Elongated ears, ushnisha, monks robe all atributes of buddha. Strong central Asian influence: mask-like face, strong torso, large shoulders, stylized drapery. Remote and austere, less human than early Buddha art.

Sui and Tang Dynasties

581 ce, general from last northern dynasty replaces child emperor and established the Sui dynasty.Centralized empire, fell 618, paved way for tang dynasty. Tang implies a apart of chines character is strong and vigorous, noble, idealistic, realistic and pragmatic.

ALTAR TO AMITABHA BUDDHA
Sui dynasty, 593. Bronze

Sui emperor was devout to buddhist, reunification of China fused buddhist sculptures.

-one of Mahayana Buddhism. Amitabha dwelled in western pure Land, paradise for rebirth of followers. Pure Land most popular form of buddhism in cHINA AND ONE OF THE MOST popular in Japan.

-Altar depicts AMITABHA in paradise seated beneath trees in lotus throne, leaf with jewels,7 celestials on top , halo of flames, left bodhisattva Guanyin hold pomegranate, right bodhisattva praying, behind 4 disciples who first taught teachings of Buddha,, lower incense holder with lionsBenign expression and objects show power, alter shows sensuality of Indian style, schematic abstraction of central Asian art linear grace and rhythm for harmony.

THE WESTERN PARADISE OF AMITABHA BUDDHA
Detail of a wall painting in Cave 217, Dunhuang, Gansu.
Tang dynasty, c. 750

-Greatest development during Tang, ruled for 3 cents, adopted budhhhist faith

-Pure Land vision, along silk road, Dunhuang has 500 caves in sandy cliffs with clay sculptures and wall paintings, worked on for 1000 yrs.

-center Seated Amitabha Buddha flanked by 4 bodhisattvas his messengers to world. Other bodhisattvas right and left, halls and towers in background for western tang palaces. Showd when Chang’an was greatest city of the world.

-early tang emperors had religious policy but 9th century conservative reaction, Confucianism was ref-ollowed and buddhism supressed. Temples shrine monasteries destroyed and bronze work melted, some survive like Nanchan temple.

NANCHAN TEMPLE, WUTAISHAN
Shanxi. Tang dynasty, 782

-earliest important surviving Chinese architecture.

-Charasteristics from palace and temples of Tang dynasty.

-tiled roof like Han tomb , has curved silhouette, became popular in later cents, Overhanging eaves supported by bracketing system. 3 bays but idea of multistory building.

Bay system(cubic unit of space) , a bay, and 4 posts and lintel. Bay is module(basic unit of construction). For large structure multiplies bays,

Describe a Pogoda and its architecture

GREAT WILD GOOSE PAGODA AT CI'EN TEMPLE, CHANG'AN
Shanxi. Tang dynasty, first erected 645; rebuilt mid 8th century CE.

-For monk Xuan Zang on his return for 16 yr pilgrimage to India where trasnlate Sankrit script.

-Brick but imitates wood. Decorated in low reif mimicking bays, brackets under roofs on each story. Once 5 now 7 stories. Essence of Tang architecture in Simplicity, symmetry, proportion and grace.

—Pagodas from Indian stupas as Buddhism spread northwest along silk road. Stupas merge with watch towers from Han dynasty In multi story wood or stone structures with tiled roofs which transformed in wooden pagodas with upward curing roofs supported by bracketing in China, Korea, Japan.

-Buddhist pagodas retain the axis mundi masts of stupas.

-Early east Asia Pagodas were symbolic rather than enclosing structures like south asian prototypes, later examples provide access to ground floor and upper level.

Early stupa→ Later Stupa→ Watch tower→ Stone Pagoda→ Wooden Pagoda

Tang Figure painting and Ceramics

Attributed to Emperor Huizong DETAIL OF LADIES PREPARING NEWLY WOVEN SILK
Copy after a lost Tang-dynasty painting by Zhang Xuan.
Northern Song dynasty, early 12th century CE.
Handscroll with ink and colors on silk

TWO EQUESTRIAN FIGURES
Tang dynasty, first half of 8th century CE. Molded, reddish-buff earthenware with cold-painted pigments over white ground, height

-Tang dynasty is great age of figure painting, few tang scrolls exist. Wall painting of Dunhuang give ideas of character of tang figures.

-attributed to Huizong. last emperor of nothern song dynasty. By Zhang Xuan known for depiction of women of tang court. Original is lost therefore unknown how authentic but refine lines and colours show grace and dignity of tang sculpture and architecture.

-man and woman for tomb refurnishing, show naturalism and exuberance of Tang period, accurate proportions and lively demeanor, not glazed but “cold painted” with pigments after firing to render details of costume and facial features

Describe Silk road during Tang period

CAMEL CARRYING A GROUP OF MUSICIANS
From a tomb near Xi'an, Shanxi. Tang dynasty, c. mid 8th century CE.
Earthenware with three-color glazes,

-under tang emperor chinese control went to central Asia, good and ideas influence along silk road. south china carried lively trade with coastal cities. Chine influence on East Asia so important Japan and Korea sent students to study chines civilization.

-foreigner came to Chang’an and depicted in art, shows exotic Turkic cultures of Central Asia. . Bearded musicians are central asian two smooth face are Han Chinese. Bactrian(camel) exotic to central Asia, were beast of silk road. Stringed lute (pipa) came to central Asia and stayed for history of music.

-shows new interest in naturalism, trend in ainting and sculptures compared to rigid showed in Qin. Tang band alive with gestures. Camel head is back and band is mid performance. Glimps of Tang life. Three colour glaze a speciality of Tang ceramics, glaze chosen from palette of amber yellow , green and blue and splashed freely to give spontaneity after during firing, emblematic technique of Tang culture coulorful and cosmopolitan expressiveness.

Silk road flourished 2nd century ce , route from Han capital to Rome with Chines luxary good being carried to westerners. Began at Jade gate (yumen) at the westmost end of great wall, where chines gave goods to central asian traders and change hand many more time before Mediterranean .Carvans first headed to Dunhuang then northern and southern-route diverged to Taklamakan desert. In Khotan traveler turnoff to Kashmir or continue to Kashgar before going to Pamir mountains then go to pakistand and india or Uzbekistan,Iran,Iraq then finally arriving at Antioch(Syria) coast of Mediterranean. Then RAOME

Describe Song Dynasty

Fall of Tang then Song came.The mood during the Song dynasty was more introspective, a reflection of China's weakened military situation. Jurchen Tribes invaded china and Song withdrew and created new capital at Hangzou with Southern Song dynasty became. Territory diminished but e=wealth increased because of agriculture, commerce, tech under Tang.

Song culture is noted for its refined taste and intellectual grandeur.More self consciously chinese,

The finest expressions of the Song, are in art, especially painting and ceramics.

Also gifted in poetry and scholarship.

SEATED GUANYIN BODHISATTVA
Liao dynasty, 11th-12th century CE (the painting and gilding were restored in the 16th century). Wood with paint and gold

-BODHISATTVA young prince with garments and jewelry for virtuous lives. GUANYIN is BODHISATTVA of infinite compassion, in many guises here water and moon. Sits by rock by sea known as royal ease.

Describe Philosophy of Neo-Confucianism during Song dynasty.

-continued fro Tang for restoring confucianism, drew on Daoist and buddhist ideas, provoded new metaphysical aspect for a riher explanation of universe. New synthesis of China’s three main paths os called Neo-Confucianism. Universe has two forces Li(principals) and qi(matter). Li are aspect of internal first principle taiji(great ultimate). To rid Qi of impurities through self education so li lays with the great ultimate resembling buddhahood, for one day we will be enlightenment(from buddhism).

Northern Song painting

Fan Kuan TRAVELERS AMONG MOUNTAINS AND STREAMS
Northern Song dynasty, early 11th century CE.
Hanging scroll with ink and colors on silk,

-Neo confucian ideas ,landscapes which is the most higly esteemed subject for painting.

-Song landscape do not record specific site., but to paint eternal essence of mountain-ness, became vehicle for conveying human emotions.

Song dynasty landscape became chief of expression avoiding direct depiction of human condition instead it conveys ideals in symbolic manner.Moved from Mythical through religious and ethical to philosophical and aesthetic.

Fan Kaun -master of landscape. Art work regarded as one of great monuments of chinese art.Physically large and monumentality radiate from composition itself.

composition unfold in 3 stages like drama

-bottom- anticipating shape and substance of mountains to come, introducing main theme, like first scene of drama introduces main character.

—middle ground-travelers and mules come from right, size show scale compare to how small we are to nature, take twice as much room compare to foreground, like 2nd act of play shows variation and development. Rocks reprated into 2 groups by waterfall that i spanned by bridge. rooftop of temples stand above tree in hills on right.

-Precise detail ad scale, jagged brushwork expresses rugged character for contour of rocks and tress. Staccato strokes(raindrop texture) mimic rock texture. Spatial recession shown. Realistic detail but no specific place. Expresses ideal forms behind appearences in rational, composition, shows intelligence of universe. Arrangement of mountains reflect ancient confucian hierarchy because emperor flanked by ministers and buddhist motif with bodhisattva beside. Landscape portrays Daoist ideal and find 3 strains of Chinese thought unites like Neo Confucianism.

-mobile viewpoint.

Xu Daoning SECTION OF FISHING IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM
Northern Song dynasty, mid 11th century CE.
Handscroll with ink on silk

-Hand-scroll, vantage point moves along painting. Finest hand-scroll from song. Hurt on right to leading to broad visa.Over foot-bidge back to foreground with begining of mountains. Path along back bank. and view of highest peaks from another footbridge. Far side find ourselves looking up. See ourselves resting in pavillion or fishing from boar, smaller mountains serving as echo of the central mountains and transition to final vista. Feeling of communion with nature.

-hand-scrolls compare to western music, symphonic composition, both have opening motifs that are developed and varied, both revealed over time, overall structure relies on memory because we do not see/hear it all at once.

Northern Song dynasty, late 11th-early 12th century CE.
Hand-scroll with ink and colours on silk.

precised, passion for observation. Zhang Zeduan connected to court. Daily life of Song.

-city life, at Rainbow bridge(name from shape) with shopper and merchants. Boat is bring goods form south of china to Grand canal. Sailors going underneath bridge by lowering sail.. Figures on ship and shore shouting advice. Loads of merchandise(wine, food). Shopping, selling enjoying them selves.

-economic prosperity during Song

-Not much on Zhang Zeduan but he was a scholar-official class (highly educated elite imperial china-Skill in fine line shown in ruled line painting his peers had diff atitude towards paintings, overt display of technical skill at lowest end of the scale of values.

Xia Gui SECTION OF TWELVE VIEWS OF LANDSCAPE
Southern Song dynasty, early 13th century CE. Handscroll with ink on silk,

Xia Gui is member of Academy of painters. Birds and flowers as subject. But Xia Gui favoured landscapes and created own style. last 4of 12 sections survive

-intimate and lyrical view compared to majestic of north. Detail seen through mist, simplified forms stark contrast of light and dark, asymmetrical , good blank space showing fleeting world, intangibal more presence than tangible, deep feeling.

Rational and intellectual to emotional and intuitive parallel to philosophy, 12th cent new school of neo-confucianism( school of mind). said self-cultivation can be done through contemplation, leading to sudden enlightenment. Sudden enlightenment come fromChan buddhism Zen. Zen rejects formal paths to enlightenment (scriptures) in favour to meditation and technique to “short circuit” the rational mind which is shown in painting.

-painting for highly cultivate audience whom discerning in other arts like ceramics. Tang focus on building song focused on Aesthetic perfection making quietly beautiful pieces.

GUAN WARE VESSEL
Southern Song dynasty, 13th century CE.
Gray stoneware with crackled grayish-blue glaze

-imperial use. ROUNDED BODY, HIGH NECK, EXTEMED LIP A SIMPLE VESSEL. Grayish blue glaze to be used in refines song wares. Irregular spontaneous crackle over perfect vessel shows same spirit behind Xia Gui’s landscape.

1279 southern song fell to mongol leader Kublain Khan, mongol empire whom founded Yuan dynasty and setting capital in Beijing. Cultural center of China remained in South in cities sthat grew to prominence. Seperation of politic and culture with created development in later chinese art resentment to “barbarian rule”

Describe The Arts of Korea and The Three Kingdoms Period.

The peninsula between China and Japan, Korea developed a unique culture during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCE–668 CE).

Three independent nation-states were established: Silla in the southeast, Baekje in the southwest, and Goryeo in the north.

Large tomb mounds built during the fifth and sixth centuries are enduring monuments.

CROWN
From the Gold Crown Tomb, Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province, Korea. Three Kingdoms period, Silla kingdom, probably 6th century CE.
Gold with jadeite ornaments

Made for burial, assembled form cut piece of this gold sheet and held by gold wire, Spangels of gold and comma shaped ornaments of green/white jadeite. Tall branching forms resemble trees and antler. Within crown a conical cap woven from strips of gold and ornament with appendages tat suggest wings or feathers.

High fires ceramics in korean tomb.

CEREMONIAL STAND WITH SNAKE, ABSTRACT, AND OPENWORK DECORATION
Reportedly recovered in Andong, North Gyeongsang Province, Korea. Three Kingdoms period, Silla kingdom, 5th-6th century CE. Gray stoneware with combed, stamped, applied, and openwork decoration and with traces of natural ash glaze

-abundance of ceramics . Container for offerings of food to nourish spirit of deceased. Unglazed stoneware, imprevious to liquids even without glaze.

-long cylindrical shaft set o bulbous base , to support jars, Open work cut into before firing lighten the form. Few ceramics from tomb show ornamentation but the combdd wave pattern or incised configuration and chevron(v-shaped).

snakes inch way up the shaft.

BODHISATTVA SEATED IN MEDITATION
Korea. Three Kingdoms period, probably Silla kingdom, early 7th century CE.
Gilt bronze,

buddhist introduced to Goguryeo from china in 372 and to Baekji by 384. Reached Silla 2nd half of 5th cent but became oficial religion only in 527.

At first buddhust resemble Chinese but then in late 6th century made own style. Pose derive from late 6th cent Chinese sculpture but slender body, elliptical face, drapery folds, trilobed crown are distinctly Korean.

Buddhism introduced to Japan from Korea from Baekje kingdom but also numerous Korean sculptors active in Japan in 6th and 7th cent, multiple pieces of buddhist in Japan show Korean Influence.

Describe The Unified Silla period and Seokguram

660 silla kingdom conquere Baekjie and 668 wit Tang alliance termed Goguryeo, uniting peninsula under silla dynasty until 935, buddhism prospered under Silla Temples around Gyeongju the Silla capital.

Seokguram -great monument of the unifies Silla period , its a artificial cave temples atop Mount Toham, near Gyeongju. Inspired by 5th,6th,7th cave temples from china who were inspire by Buddhist temples from India

SEATED SHAKYAMUNI BUDDHA
Seokguram Grotto, near Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province, Korea.
Unified Silla period, c. 751 CE

Sill period -Seokguram cut block of granite, , small antechamber by vestibule to circular hall with domes ceiling where this buddha sits. On lotus, represent old Shakyamuni Buddha at enlightenment by bhumisparsha mudra. Relate to 8th century chinese sculpture. Behind low relief of bodhisattvas and lesser deities and over halls and walls.

Goryeo Dynasty and its artwork

MAEBYEONG BOTTLE WITH DECORATION OF BAMBOO AND BLOSSOMING PLUM TREE
Korea. Goryeo dynasty, late 12th-early 13th century CE. Inlaid celadon ware: light gray stoneware with decoration inlaid with black and white slips under celadon glaze

-Establiah 918, eliminated last vestiges of unified Silla in 935

-Period of courtly refinement, best known for celadon-glazed ceramics.

-celadon-glazed ceramics.-Celadon-high fired, transparent glaze of pale bluish-green hue, applied ver gray stoneware body.Chine painter invent celadon glaze and initiates production starting 1st cent CE. Korean started experimenting in 8th and 9th cent and soon Goryeo celadon rivaled chinese court ceramics. wares used by ppl from various social status but finest example went to palace , nobles or powerful Buddhist clergy.

-classic simplicity, 11th cent celadon have lil decor but during 12th cent potters added incised, carved or molded embellishments , for imitating those of chinese or exploring new styles and techniques of ornamentation.

-most notable was inlaid decorations, where black and white slips or finely ground clays were inlaid into the intaglio lines of decorative elements incised or stamped in the clay body, for underglaze designs in contrasting colours seen in figure three diff pictorial scene inlaid in black and white slips.

-depicts a clump of bamboo growing at edge of lake, the stalks intertwines with branches of a blossoming plum tree(flowers in winter before sprouting). Geese swim in lake and butterflies flutter above. linking the several scenes around bottle. Maebyeong (plum bottle), such board shouldered vessels used as storage jars for wine and other liquids.Small bel shapes cover originally capper bottles and protecting content and complementing curve.

SEATED WILLOW-BRANCH GWANSE'EUM BOSAL (THE BODHISATTVA AVALOKITESHVARA)
Korea. Goryeo dynasty, late 14th century CE.
Hanging scroll with ink, colors, and gold pigment on silk,

Buddhism was state f religion of Goryeo, enjoyed royal patronage and allowing temples to commission finest architects, sculptors and painters.Most sumptuous Buddhist work produced were paintings.

ink and colour on silk depicts Gwanse’eum Bosal (Guanyin), The bodhisattva of compassion. Rich colours and god pigment reflect richnest of period. Numerous painting like this exported to Japan where it influence corse of painting.