AP World 5.6-5.9 Vocab

Muhammed Ali

Turkish ruler of Egypt who one effective independence of Egypt from the Ottomans

Mamluks

Formerly enslaved Turks who formed a military class

Corporations

a business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders

Stock market

a system for buying and selling stocks in corporations

Stock holders

Individuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it is formed or later through a stock market

Monopoly

Control of a specific business and elimination of all competition

Bessemer process

A more efficient way to produce steel, creating a monopoly of the steel industry

Emperor Meiji

emperor of Japan who modernized Japan in the 1860s by studying and adopting Western armies, government forms and industries. As a result, Japan became a strong power and was never colonized

Commodore Matthew Perry

Caused the Japanese emperor to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa and open Japanese ports to trade

Meiji Restoration

An event where the Japanese overthrew the shogun and restored power to the emperor to force modernization

Charter Oath

a document issued in the emperor's name, calling for democracy, equality of class, rejection of outdated customs, and aceptance of foreign knowledge

Zaibatsu

The large family-controlled banking and industrial groups that owned many companies in Japan before World War II.

Automatic loom

allowed cloth to be made more quickly and grew into Toyota.

Cecil Rhodes

British investor in a railroad project that connected all British-held colonies in Africa, although it was never completed

Transnational companies

Companies that operate across national boundaries

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

British owned bank that opened in Hong Kong and focused on finance and banking.

Unilever Corporation

A British and Dutch venture focused on household goods and operated plantations in Africa

Insurance

protection against possible financial loss

Consumerism

A culture of leisure and consumption that was advertised to the middle class with disposable income

limited liability

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.

Labor unions

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

Voting rights

The labor unions worked to get more voting rights. The acts reduced property ownership qualifications as a requirement for voting.

Child labor

A law that said children under the age of 10 were banned from working in coal mines and education became mandatory.

John Stuart Mill

British philosopher who championed legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor, and ensure safe working conditions in factories

Utilitarianism

John Stuart Mill's idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

Karl Marx

German scholar that argued for "scientific socialism" and created the idea of communism.

Fredrich Engels

Marx's partner in writing the Communist Manifesto

Communist Manifesto

A pamphlet written by Marx & Engels that critiqued capitalism and the unfairness with it.

Proletariat

The working class in factories and mines

Bougeoise

The middle class and investors

Means of production

the tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth

Communism

a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership, everyone has equal wealth

Mahmud II

Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents

Hatti-i Humayun

update to the Ottoman legal system, that guaranteed equality for all men

Millet

an administrative unit in the Ottoman Empire used to organize religious groups.

Self-Strengthening Movement

The major reform effort in China where they advanced military technology and increased training to be able to compete with foreign powers.

Emperor Guangxu

launches Hundred Day Reforms. constitiution, civil liberty, education, foreign influence, military.

Empress Dowager Cixi

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.

Bushido

the code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai.

Genros

the elder statesmen of Japan who formerly advised the emperor.

tenement

A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety

Slums

an overcrowded, dirty area of a city where the housing is usually in very poor condition

Working class

At the bottom of the social hierarchy, worked in factories and coal mines, needed fewer skills to work

White-collar

The middle class workers, factory and office managers, small business owners

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Mass production

production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines

Industrialization

the process of developing machine production of goods