Sports Science mistakes

What do error bars represent on graphs?

Standard deviation (range of the data)

Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure for static and dynamic exercise

Static = increased systolic, increased diastolic

Dynamic = increased systolic, decreased diastolic

Components of a synovial joint

Articular Cartilage - reduces friction between bones at joint

Bursae - acts as a cushion to reduce friction

Synovial fluid - lubricates the joint

Synovial membrane - secrets synovial fluid

Ligaments - prevent unwanted movement (hyperextension)

Major sites of triglyceride storage

Skeletal muscles and adipose tissue

Process of lipolysis

Lipolysis is the breakdown of stored lipids

This process releases fatty acids, glycerol, and energy

Effect of endurance exercise on the exchange of oxygen at the lungs

• Inhalation increases to increase oxygen consumption

• Increased movement of gases from area of high concentration to low concentration (Fick’s Law)

• Higher concentration gradient = greater net movement of oxygen diffusing from alveoli to capillaries

• Increase rate of gaseous exchange

5 cardiovascular adaptations from marathon training

• Increased force of heart contractions

• Increased cardiac output

• Decreased resting heart rate

• Decreased exercising heart rate

• Increased capillarization

Explain rehearsal and chunking methods to improve memory

Rehearsal = conscious repetition of information required for memory. Increases likelihood of information getting transferred from STM to LTM

Chunking = Grouping large pieces of information into smaller chunks as smaller chunks are easier to store, this increases amount of information that can be stored and memorised

Discuss three factors that affect an individual’s rate of learning a new skill

• Coaching

• Teaching environment

• Physical fitness

• Difficulty of task

• Motivation levels

• Age

Explain the role of muscle contraction on glucose uptake during exercise

The 5 classification of skills continuums

• Open-closed (environment)

• Discrete-serial-continuous

• Coactive-interactive-individual

• Pacing (Internal, external)

• Gross-fine

Compare and contrast optimum macronutirience intake of a marathon runner and a sedentary individual

Similarities

• Carbs are the highest percentage of macronutrients

• Diet contains macronutrients of carbs, proteins, lipids, and water

• Lipid intake = protein intake for both

Differences

• Marathon runner gets larger percentage of diet from carbs

• Marathon runner intakes a greater volume of macros

• Marathon runner has a greater volume of water

Explain how the contraction of teh diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles lead to inhalation of the lungs during exercise

• The contraction of both causes the ribs to go up and out

• They contract with greater force and more frequently

• Causes greater inhalation during exercise

• Causes a greater pressure gradient

Describe the lactic acid system

• Anaerobic glycolysis

• Breaks down glucose into pyruvate

• Without the presence of oxygen

• Releases 2 ATP

• Lactic acid = byproduct

• Takes place in the muscle cytoplasm

Describe the sequence of excitation of the heart muscle during exercise

• SA node sends an electrical impulse

• This impulse is delayed at the AV node

• Impulse passes from AV node to bundle of his

• This impulse then moves up the perkinje fibres

How can an athlete change their body position to become more stable

• Lowering body position to lower centre of mass

• Position line of gravity to fall within base of support

• Widen base of support so that the line of gravity is more likely remain within base of support

• Aim to be in a body position where COM remains inside the body

Differences between skilled and novice

Skilled performer = more consistent, accurate, greater control, more efficient in their movement, goal-directed, greater fluency

Evaluate fast twitch muscle fibers

Strengths

• Fast contraction speed

• High anaerobic capacity

Limitations

• Low aerobic capacity

• Low fatigue resistance