human development test 2 IRSC

Autism

A neurodevelopment condition involving social communication difficulties

Rehearsal (memory strategy)

Repeating information to keep it in working memory

Private speech

Self directed speech used to guide behavior and thinking

Scaffolding

support adjusted to a child’s level to help them learn a task

Zone of proximal development

The range of tasks a child can do with guidance but not alone

Centration

Focusing on one aspect of a situation ignoring others

Conservation

Understanding the quantity stays the same despite challenges in appearance

Animism

Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities like thinking

Egocentrism (Piaget)

Difficultly seeing another’s person’s perception

Symbolic function

The ability to use symbols or mental representations such as pretending

Anemia

A condition caused by low iron; symptoms include fatigue, pale skin and irritability

Short sleep duration in early childhood is correlated with

Attention problems, behavioral issues, and overweight risk

Recommended sleep for early childhood

About 11 to 13 hours of sleep

Gross motor skill development

growth supporting by running, jumping, climbing, and ball play

Myelination

The process that increases processing speed

Autism characteristic related to communication

Difficultly with social reciprocity

Autism characteristic related to behavior

Repetitive patterns of actions or interests

Rehearsal improves which memory system

Working memory

Function of private speech

Guiding actions and problem solving

Purpose of scaffolding

Providing temporary support to help learning process

Centration example

Focusing only on height when comparing liquid amounts

Conservation failure indicator

Judging quantifying by appearance alone

Animistic belief example

Thinking the sun follows them because it likes them

Egocentrism example

Assuming others know what the child is thinking

Symbolic play example

Pretending a box is a car

Piaget’s view of preoperational thought

Thinking dominating by intuition rather than logic

Primary nutritional cause of iron-deficiency anemia

Insufficient dietary iron intake

Sleep loss impact on emotional regulation

Greater irritability and mood instability

Early childhood activity that strengthens balance

Walking on beams or curbs

Effect of increased myelin thickness

Faster and efficient neural transmission

Family orientation in collectivist cultures

Emphasis on interdependence, coorperation and group harmony

Neglectful parenting

Low warmth and low control

Permissive parenting

High warmth and low control

Authoritarian parenting

Low warmth and high control

Authoritative parenting

High warmth and high control

Gender role most constrained by society

Male gender roles

Immanent justice

The belief that wrongdoing automatically brings punishment

Piaget’s autonomous moralitya

A stage where rules are recognized and flexible and based on mutual agreement

Piaget’s heteronomous morality

A stage where rules are seen as fixed and unchangable

Empathy

The ability to understand and share another persons feelings

Superego

The moral component of personality representing internalized standards

Ego

The rational part of personality that mediates disire

ID

The instinctual pleasure seeking part of personality

Emotion-dismissing parents

Parents who ignore, deny, or minimize childrens emotion

Emotion-coaching parents

Parents who monitor emotions, view negative emotions as teaching moments

Prefrontal cortex and attention

Supports better selective attention and reduced distractibilities

Impact of Sesame Street

Improved early literacy skills, number skills, and school readiness are

Finding of the cartoon violence study

Exposure increased children’s physical ago

Individualist family values

Emphasize independence and personal choice

Collectivist family values

Emphasize duty, respect and group harmony

Gender role with greater flexibility

Female gender roles

Parenting influence on moral development

Warm inductive discipline promotes empathy and internal morals

Reason for immanent justice

Belief that wrongdoing automatically brings punishment

Shift in Piaget’s moral reasoning

Moves from rule obedience to considering intentions

Empathy development in early childhood

Improves as children better understand others emotions

Function of the superego

Acts as the internal moral judge

Function of the ego

Balanced disire with reality to make rational decisions

Function of the id

Seeks immediate pleasure an gratification

Impact of emotion-dismissing parenting

More difficultly managing negative emotions

Impact of emotion-coaching parenting

Improved emotional regulation coping skills

Narcissism

Self centered with inflated self importantance

Marcia: identity achievement

Commitment following exploration

Marcia: identity moratorium

Active exploration without comitment

Marcia: identity foreclosure

Commitment without exploration

Marcia: identity diffusion

No exploration and no commitment

Erikson’s adolescent stage

Identity VS role confusion

Personal fable

Belief in one’s uniqueness and vulnerability

Imaginary audience

Belief that other constantly watching and judging

Anorexia nervosa

Extreme thinness from self-starvation an distorted body image

Most common illegal drug used by adolescents (2008–2011)

Marijuana

Carskadon’s sleep findings

Teens need more sleep but get less sleep due to early school times

Daughters of teenage mothers

Higher risk of becoming teenage mothers themselves

Growth spurt timing difference

Girls start two years earlier than boys

Puberty

Period of rapid physical hormonal changes

Typical teen self-image

Generally positive but with fluctuations

Teachers of students in poverty often show

Lower expectations an reduced instructial quality

Bullying most common for girls

Relational aggression

Bullying most common for boys

Physical aggression

Best predictor of later delinquency in rejected children

Aggressive behavior

Neglected children

Infrequently nominated as friends but not disliked

Popular children

Well liked and socially skilled

Coregulation

Shared controlled of behavior between parent and child

Emotion males report more than females

Anger

Gender stereotyping

Assigned traits or roles based on gender expectations

Kohlberg: postconventional level

Moral reasoning based on personal moral principles

Kohlberg: conventional level

Moral reasoning based on social rules and approval

Kohlberg: preconventional level

Moral reasoning based on rewards and punishment

Kohlberg’s research method

Used moral dilemmas to study reasoning

Self-efficacy

Beliefs in one’s ability to succeed at tasks

Effect of praising mediocre performance

Leads to inflated self esteem and reduced motivation to improve