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Flashcards for Veterinary Pharmacology
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What is pharmacology?
The study of interactions between drugs and living organisms for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases.
What are the 4 stages of pharmacokinetics?
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion.
What influences the absorption of a drug?
Lipid solubility, degree of ionization, molecule size, route of administration, and formulation.
What is bioavailability?
The fraction of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation in active form.
What is the first pass metabolism?
When the drug is metabolized in the liver before reaching systemic circulation, reducing its bioavailability.
Which route of administration has 100% bioavailability?
The intravenous route (IV).
What to consider when choosing the route of administration?
Pharmacokinetics, clinical situation, purpose of treatment, and individuality of the patient.
What is the basic formula for dose calculation?
Dose (mg/kg) × Animal weight (kg) = Total dose (mg).
How to convert % concentration to mg/ml?
Multiply the value in % by 10. Ex: 0.2% = 2 mg/ml.
What do SID, BID, TID, and QID mean?
1x, 2x, 3x, 4x a day, respectively.
What are NSAIDs (AINEs)?
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that inhibit COX and reduce pain, inflammation, and fever.
What are the risks of NSAIDs?
GI ulceration, kidney damage, platelet inhibition, mainly with prolonged use.
Which NSAID is selective for COX-2 and has fewer gastric side effects?
Robenacoxib, firocoxib, mavacoxib.
What is the main effect of corticosteroids (AIEs)?
Immunosuppressant and potent anti-inflammatory, but with many adverse effects.
Adverse effects of chronic AIE use?
Hyperglycemia, polyuria/polydipsia, pendulous abdomen, immunosuppression.
What is the target of antiemetics like maropitant and ondansetron?
Maropitant blocks NK1; ondansetron blocks 5-HT3.
When to use maropitant?
In vomiting of central and peripheral origin (broad spectrum).
Function of metoclopramide besides antiemetic?
Increases gastrointestinal motility.
What are common hepatoprotectors?
Silymarin, SAMe, vitamin E/C, zinc.
What are common appetite stimulants?
Mirtazapine and cyproheptadine (serotonergic and antihistaminic action).
What is the main objective of fluid therapy?
Replace volume, correct electrolyte imbalances, and maintain homeostasis.
What are the main types of fluids?
Crystalloids (0.9% NaCl, Ringer, 5% Glucose) and Colloids (Voluven, Albumin).
How to calculate replacement volume?
% dehydration × weight (kg) × 10 = mL.
What is an isotonic solution?
Has osmolarity similar to plasma, ideal for maintenance.
Clinical signs of moderate dehydration (6-8%)?
CRT >2s, dry mucous membranes, retracted eyeballs.
What is the target of azole antifungals?
Inhibition of ergosterol synthesis in the fungal membrane.
Which antifungal has better penetration into the CNS?
Fluconazole.
Which antifungal is most used in veterinary clinical routine?
Itraconazole.
What is essential care in the use of systemic antifungals?
Liver monitoring (ALT, ALP) and dose adjustment according to weight.
List 3 diseases treatable with antifungals.
Sporotrichosis, cryptococcosis, dermatophytoses.