[unit exam] social unit 2 part 1: classical liberalism

totalitarianism (6)

• a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state

  • total control and obedience - acting in the best interest of the state

• regimes that are responding to what they see as dangerous and destabilizing changes

• they consider existing society in need of a complete transformation

  • radical (society union)

  • reactionary (nazi germany)

6 chars of totalitariansm

1. extensive organiational structure at all levels to implement your ideology

2. youth, professional, culutral and athletic groups - to seem good

3. control and censhorship of all media

4. indoctrination through education

5. secret police using terror

6. scapegoating (redirecting discontent)

scapegoating

putting the blame on someone else for an action they didn’t commit

authoritarianism (3)

the enforcement or advocacy of strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom

• sense of authority

• believes they are acting in the best interest of the people

soviet union (4)

• radical change - a way to hold off and reject the beliefs and values of liberalism

  • turning away from the worth of the individual and having an all-powerful state where individuals served the interest of the state

• moved towards the far left of the economic spectrum

• rejected political and economic traditions of the past

nazi germany (3)

• reactionary change - a way to hold off and reject the beliefs and values of liberalism

  • turning away from the worth of the individual and having an all-powerful state where individuals served the interest of the state

• desired to move to an idealized past and accept economic inequality

5 techniques to get pwr and maintain it

vision, propaganda, controlled participation, directing public discontent, terror

growing discontnent in russia (3)

• Russia was in an attempt to create control over the provinces. the emperors of Europe (or the tsars) were consistent in drawing power away from nobility

  • by compensating nobles by giving them power over land and occupants.

  • By Catherine the Great, Russian tsars enjoyed autocratic rule over nobles but serfs were reduced to slavery than peasantry - so they were willing to challenge authority in hopes of a better life

nicholas I and alexander II (4)

• Nicholas I was very reactionary and clamped down hard on revolutionary activity

• Alexander II was more willing to accept change and even went as far as freeing serfs - emancipation

• As Russia industrialized more, working-class demanded more

• Alexander II was assassinated by revolutionaries when they thre bombs at his carriage march 1881

social changes in russia (3)

• 1861 Russian Empire abolished serfdom and the freedom of serfs would influence events leading up to the Russian Revolution giving peasants more freedom and rights

• Russia’s industrialization started in the 1700s rather than 1800s

• 1890 and 1910 populations in major Russian cities doubled = overcrowding, bad living conditions and a new class

alexander III

• believed that in revolutionary times we needed a strong leader

  • took away many freedoms of the people including outlawing most religions, increasing secret police and exiling revolutionaries

  • when he died nov 1894, Russia was rife with revolutionary fever

bloody sunday

• Jan 22, 1905 - A group of workers led by radical geography apollonovich Gapon marched to the tsars (Nicholas II) Winter Palace to make their demands

• imperial forces opened fire on demonstrators killing and wounding hundreds

• strikes and riots broke out throughout the country in outraged response to the massacre to which Nicholas II responded by promising formation of dumas

duma

elected representative assemblies

results of February revolution (4)

• duma formed a provisional government and Tsar Nicholas II abdicated the throne ending centuries of Russian tar rule

• provisional government established liberal programs - freedom of speech, equality b4 the law, right to a union to organize strikes, opposed social revolution

• duma continued Russian war effort even though Russia's involvement in wwi was unpopular

  • food supply drained - peasants looted farms and food riots erupted

febuary revolution

• demonstators looking for bread took to the strets of petrograd

• supported by huge crowds of striking idustrial workers, protestors clashed w poice but refused to leave the streets

• petrograd army called to stop uprising - troops opened fire, killing demonstators but protesters kept to the streets

russian revolution summary (2)

• period of social and political revolution from 1917 - 1923

• began with the abolition of monarchy when Nicholas II stepped down from the throne and ended Bolsheviks establishing the Soviet Union at the end of the Civil War

• influenced by karl marx and writings of communism - influenced lenin

bolshevik

• radical

• far left revolutionaries founded by vladmir lenin and alexander bogdanov

october revolution aka bolshevik revolution (4)

• oct 1917 leftist (collective) revolutionaries led by bolshevik party leader vladimir lenin launced a violent overthrow against the dumas provisonal government

  • provisional government was ran by the bourgeious capital class and lenin called for a societ government ran by soilers, peasants and proletariat

• bolsheviks and allies occupied government buildings and other locations in petrograd, formed a new gov’t w/ lenin as the head

• lenin became dictator of the worlds first communist state

red army

• communists in russian civil war

• fought for lenin’s volshevik government

• russian civil war ended in 1923 with red army claiming victory and establishing soviet union

white amry

• liberalists in russian civil war

• represented a large group of loosely allied forces - monarchists, capitalists, democratic socialists

what happened in 1924 in russia?

renamed Union of Soviet Socialist Repbulics, USSR, Soviet Union and quickly transformed from a land of autocratic czarist rule to a land of dictatorial rule by communist party led by Lenin

ussr under lenin and bolsheviks

• 1918: war communism

  • free market, private indusry declared illegal and abolished. private property was confiscated, busniess and factories were nationalized

• 1921: country couldn’t be transformed as quickly as gov’t hoped

  • economic distruction of new policies, civicl war and ww1 led to drops in agriculutral and inustirail production

  • new economic plan: some capitalism brought back, peasants could own farm land, small private busniesses, state controlled banking, larger industry, transporation

• 1924: lenin dies of a blood disease

fiver year plans

• stalin centralized economic planning so that communist party would have full control over economy, food suppy and industrialization

• for the first five year plan stalin wanted to industrial product to increase by 20% per year

  • ensure workers were fed and increase in production was paid for

kulaks

private owners land owners (or peasants)

gulags

labour camps

collectivization under stalin

• economic policy of taking land from kulaks and combining farms into large farms

• kulaks were arrested and sent to gulags or killed for refusing to give up their farms. became scapegoats for communist party and blamed for hardships of industrializing russia

holodomor (3)

• famine in ukraine from 1932 - 1933. stalin used famine to elimate/kill off ukranian nationalism and idenity. stalkin wanted ukranians to think of themsleves as soviets, not ukranians.

• 7 million ukranians died of starvation b/c of man-made famine.

  • collectivization of farms was a leading reason for famine and quotas of grain stalin demanded from farms

the purges 1936 - 1938

• stalin purged political opponents by sending them to exile in gulags or killing them

• most of surviving old bolsheviks who had joined the communist party b4 revolution were convicted and executed as well as high ranking red army officers

weimar republic (4)

• government who took control of germany after wwi (1919-1933)

• geramn republic - demontartic with universal suffarge and a consitition

• in charge of upholding treaty of versailles and its rules

• resentment by veterans who believed they could’ve won and assosiated luberalism with their winning foe (britian, france, america)

hyperinflation in germany

• 1923, germany declared it couldn’t keep making payments and as a consequence, france n belgium invaded ruhr industrial region of germany hoping to claim reparations from profits

• german workers responded with general strikes and manufacturing came to a halt

• caused inflation to skyrocket further and make the economic situation worse

  • money was worthless and losing it value

hitler

• Austrian

• fought in WWI but was injured in battle of somme

• antisemitic - believed Jewish people were the reason germany was in so much trouble

• ran for nazi party in Germany hoping to being Germany back to its former glory

antisemitic

hostile or prejudiced against jewish people

reichstag fire (5)

• after hitler became chancellor, a fire started at a german partliment building, burning it down

• hitler blamed communism and wanred of commnist taking over germany

• hitler was granted emergency powers in devember 1933 under enabling act to control government and all of its policies

• allowed hitler to have dictoral powers which meant her could pass laws w/o going through parliment

  • essentially given absolute power

reichstag fire decree

• suspended most civil liberities

  • freedom of expression, opinion, press, right of free assosiation and public assembely, privacy of the post and telephone

night of long knives

• when german president died, there was no re-election and hitler assumed presidency

• june 30th, hitler strenghted his position by ordering assassination of leadership of the SA

  • they helped him come into power, however they became too popular and were seen as a threat

  • elimination of them removed any remainign challenges to hitlers leadership within the nazi party

nuremberg laws

1. jews couldn’t marry people of german blood

2. jews weren’t allowed to hold german citizenship

3. jews couldn’t vote

patirotism

country is flawed but you still love it while working on it

nationalism

your country isnt flawed and is great

ultranationalsim

your country is the greatest and its above all others

fascism (4)

• ideology which sanctifies the interests of the state and minimizes the interests of the individual

• a movement supported by military leaders, big industrialists and others labelled right wing. mass support comes from a lower middle-class

  • totalitarian dictatorial government, extreme nationalism, race above the individual, state-run media, highly structured class system

• replaces the existing structure of government with a totalitarian one

• an attempt to solve problems and WWI and didn’t exist before 1918

facists and their beleifs

• believes democracy creates class conflict and that individual freedom weakens the nation-state

• opposes socialism and communism b/c they intensify class conflict

  • riots and revolutions threaten nation-states, so fascists want to make sure the working class and owners are united

paramilitary organization

private police forces and armies which don’t hesitate to use power

• a way dictatorship is achieved and maintained

social darwinists/darwinism

believe in survival of the fittest - the idea that certain people become powerful in society b/c they are better - social darwinisim has been used to justify imperialism, racism, eugenics and social inequality in the pats and today.

eugenics

• control of human reproduction so only desirable/good genetic traits are present in population

• undesirable/bad traits are eliminated usually by not letting people have children, forced sterlization

liberalism

ideology, freedom of individual, human progress, decentralized power, sovreginty

foundations of classical liberalism

rule of law, private property, economic freedom, competition, civil liberties, self-interest

classical liberalism

• stresses importance of human rationality (philosophized by John Locke)

• humans have free thought and free will n not gov’ts role to impose on this

• political freedom

• free market economy is the most beneficial

humanism/renaissance

• sparked a belief in the importance of the individual in society

• humanist emerged in Italy and France in the late 14th century

• cultural movement turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in greek and roman thought

• an approach to life based on reason and common humanity

  • questioning of authority, teachings and practices

  • humansits reject idea of an all powerful God

protestant reformation

• reflected belief that reason was just as significant as faith

• during 16th and 17th centuries, political economic and social circumstances of Europe changed through opposition to the Catholic Church

• europenas came into contact with other flourishing but non-Chrisitan civilizations

humanist

some1 who believes in the supremacy of reason of individuals over faith and who has developed an interpretation of life based on reason and experience rather than religion.

enlightenment and classical liberalism

• enlightenment produced significan ideas that laid foudnations of liberlaism

  • liberty, equality, natural rights, democracy, freeodm or religion and self-government

• ideas changed the way that people throught role of gov’t plays in their lives - power of government must be limited by the rule of law

baron de montesquieu

• enlightenment thinker in france

• beleived in equality of individuals and accountablity of government

• seperation of powers - gov’t divided into 3 branches; executive, legislative and judicial

  • seperate but dependent on each other

  • in order to work; democracy!

• his ideas were radical at the time - originated from haudenosaunee confederacy

radical

• extreme and revolutionary

• rejects political and economic traditions of the past

reactionary

• opposes change

• idealizes the past and accepts economic inequality

lassiez-faire capitalism

leaving the economy alone with minimal to no government intervention

adam smith

• scottish political economist who rejected mercantlist economic system

• radical and beleived if people worked for themsleves, everyone (including the state) would be better off

  • invisible hand

adam smiths role of government

argued that role of government should be limited to

1. maintaing rol

2. ensuring contracts were followed

3. provide some public works

robber barons

• represents an image of a cold and ruthless man, a wealthy entrepreneur who’s greedy in his pursuit of money

• unwilling to share wealth with those who helped him earn it

• generated fortunes at expense of their employees

captains of industry

• term used by people who believe that these men’s contributions to busniess and industry were foundations of economic power of many countries today

• sucess of these men could be seen as an example of how people in society make the most of an opportunity

luddites

• reactionary

• skilled artisans replaced by machines being operated by unskilled workers.

• replaced workers formed a protest movemement with ned ludd being 1st to destory machinery causing many others to destory 200+ machines (luddism)

  • also attactked english busniess men and factory owners

• gov’t responded by making machine tampering criminal offence-punishable by death

chartism

• working class movement focusing on political and social reform

• the reform taken place didn’t imrpove working class

• name came from people’s charter of 1838 which outined 6 goals; universla suffrage, equal sized electoral districts, voting by ballot, end need 4 property qualifications for parlament, pay for members of parliament, annual elections

socialism

ideology that believes resources should be controlled by the public for the benefit of everyone

• economic equality among citizens and equality achieved through income security, guaranteed employment and living standards

utopian socialism

• based on the concept of an ideal society (utopia)

• humanitarians who believed the industrial revolution could improve working and living conditions rather than destory them

• idels based on public edu, economic equality and sharing profits between owners and workers

• make changes to classical liberalism, not totally change it

robert owen & idea of a better working community

• utopian socialist

• believed in improving working conditions, welfare of its employees

  • for business to be profitable workers must be healthy, happy and enjoy working for it to be profitable

  • 10h working days

  • higher wages

  • didn’t hire children under 10

karl marx

• german economist and philospher

• influenced by social movements occuring in europe

• developed theory of communism in 1848

• wrote on failings of capitalism and its negative effects on the working class

marxism

• in a Marxist society; all land, labour and capital - including the means of production would be publically owned by workers

• wealth and resources would be evenly distributed to all citizens

• free public schools

• eventually need for no government

---

• proletariat needs to seize power from the bourgeoise through a revolution to establish a classless society

communism and marxism

• communism is marxism put into practice

• marxism is the theory while communism is marxism put into practice; communism in practice has never been marxism

  • due to nature of people; leaders usually become dictators

classical conservatism

a reaction to liberalism but more reactionary - believed in preserving the status quo and returning to a society before classical liberalism

edmund bruke

• british member of parliment

• associated w/ development of classical conservatism

• believed classical liberalism had too many flaws - too much freedom and liberty results in chaos and instability

  • most people are uneducated and uniformed and should’nt be awared w rights to vote and freedom of speech

edmund bruke’s classical conservative beliefs

• society based on hiearcy

• the strongest and most intelligent should govern and not the uneducated

• universal suffrage limited to intelligent, land owning people

• gov’t should have special rights and privleges 2 protect people’s saftey and security

• leaders must be humanitarian and have welfare of people in mind

democratic socialism

• political ideology that advocates for a peacful, evolutionary transition of society from capitalism to socialism

• diff from marcism - socialism doesnt need a revolution to change society

  • achieved through democratic means

  • followers = social democrats

scarcity & it’s basic questions

idea that land, labour and capital are limited and high demand results in an imbalance.

• what’s needed/wanted? how will it get produced? who’ll get it?

welfare capitalism

• believe in creating a social saftey net for workers

• factory and busniess owners would create/provide social programs and rewards for their workers

• recgonizing workers rights

• providing fair wages for workers

• providing education

theodore roosevelt and his square deal

• us pres from 1901-1908 and one of americas progressive presidents - developed ideas of progressivism that supported welfare capitalism in US

• square deal; united mines coal mine workers went on strike to demand fair wages and improved working conditions - owners refused and the strike went on for weeks. the mine owners asked roosevelt to order workers back to work but he created a policy called the square deal - he told owners to fairly negotiate with workers, pay fair wages, provide safe working conditiontions

progressivism

• formed of modern liberalism

• welfare capitalism ideals

• society could achive progress by reforming laissez-faire capitalism and work towards a fair and equal society through more gov’t regulation of free market

• protect interest of workers

progressivism in action

roosevelt used Elkins Act (1903) and Hepburn Act (1906) to stop railroads from giving speicla treatment to oil companies & giving them cheaper rates

sherman antiturst act in 1911

• howard taft responsible for passing this law to break standard oil company (monopoly)

• broken into 34 smaller companies

• harder for labour activites like protesting

welfare state

the economy is capitalist but the government will use policies that change the market in order to make sure the economy is stable and there is a basic sol for all citizens

• sol achieved through implementation of social programs

• result of great depression

great depression

• economic crisis in 1929 when stock market crashed

• bankes failed, busniesses bankrupt, unemployment 30%, international trade declined

causes of the great depression; credit

• weaknesses of laissez-faire capitalism were reflected in widespread business failures and impoverishment

• wwi - mass production and mass consumer spending

• 1920s - low unemployment and increasing wages

• factories tuned out more production that consumers were able to purchase, surplus of goods

• ppl starting to buy credit and stocks

• grain fields in France began producing again causing a crash in world grain prices

• people panicked and sold their stocks withdrawing LOTS of money from the banks - caused factories to close and unemployment

  • b/c of free market; gov’t felt it had no role

black tuesday

october 29, 1929; start of great depression

recession

a period of temporary economic decline during trade and industrial activity are reduced

keynesian economics/demand-side economics

economic theory thta government intervention can stabilize economy by increasing demand for products to encourage economic grwth

• during inflation - gov’t increase interest rates, raise taxes and reduce gov’t spending cooling down inflation

• during recession - gov’t should decrease interest rates and taxes and increase gov’t spending (even if in defict)

monetary policy

actions taken by central bank to control supply of money including raising/lowering interest rates, printing/destorying money

fiscal policy

direct taxation and spending of gov’ts including raising/lowering taxes and spending on projs and progs

the new deal

• proposed by FDR

• seiries of programs that focused on relief for unempoyed, reform of the ecnomy and revovery from great depression

• created gov’t programs for the poor - social assistance and welfare

• massive infrasturcutre projects = lots of jobs

labour unions

groups of people who try to improve working conds and wages for specific grp of wrks or industry

• use strength in numbers and strikes/work stoppages to concinve management 2 negotitate new terms of contracts

feminism

belief that all genders are to be treated in all respects

modern liberalism

• shift of classical liberalism and welfare capitalism to welfare state

• canada is an example of modern liberal country