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What were the PUSH factors for German immigration?
Escape economic hardship, escape the political unrest, fleeing persecution (Jews).
What were the PULL factors for German immigration?
Actually allowed them to immigrate, greater economic opportunity, free from religious persecution.
What were the PUSH factors for Irish immigration?
Potato famine (poverty & despair), religious conflict
How were Germans TREATED?
German Americans and German culture were generally accepted as necessary threads in the fabric of American life. They were more accepted partly because they had more money coming into the US. They were less geographically and culturally isolated than in previous generations, with German being widely taught in schools.
What were the Germans' STANDARDS OF LIVING?
They journeyed to the Midwest in search of farmland and work, with many settling in big cities. Over half lived in the center of the US, farming fertile land.
How did technology improvements impact migration?
Steamships replaced sailing ships, so the transatlantic journey became more accessible and tolerable.
How were the Irish TREATED?
The Irish were seen as people on the bottom of the ladder due to their economic, social, and religious positions. People moved away from the Irish in fear of dangers of disease, fire hazards, unsanitary conditions and the social problems of violence, alcoholism and crime.
How was the Irish being CATHOLIC cause tensions between US citizens?
Many were protestant Christians, so they did not apprive of the Irish's religion.
What were the Irish's STANDARDS OF LIVING?
Conditions for many Irish immigrants to U.S. cities in the 1840s and 1850s were not much better than those they had left behind. They often crammed into shanty towns, living in shacks cobbled together out of discarded boards and other debris. Sanitation was haphazard at best, causing much disease and sickness.
Know-Nothing Party
a nativist political movement of the 1850s that grew out of fear that major U.S. cities were being overwhelmed by Irish Catholic immigrants & Catholics.
Origin of "Know-Nothing Party"
The origin of the term "Know-Nothing" grew out of the secrecy surrounding the party. When a member was asked about its activities, he was supposed to say, "I know nothing."
Nativism
the political policy of promoting or protecting the interests of native or indigenous inhabitants over those of immigrants, including the support of immigration-restriction measures.
Pull factors of Chinese immigration
first to work in gold mines, but also to work agricultural jobs, and factory work, especially in the garment industry, and transcontinental railroad work + search for money
Push factors of Chinese immigration
Little to no money, often starving, no stability
Chinese Immigration Boat Conditions
very poor
Tape v. Hurley (1885)
In 1884, Mamie, then eight years old, was denied admission to the Spring Valley School, because of her Chinese ancestry. Her parents sued the San Francisco Board of Education. After the decision in favor of Mamie, the San Francisco school board lobbied for a separate school system for Chinese children.
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
The law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. (only one) (1882-1943- Magnuson Act)
Railroad impacts on Westward Expansion
The journey Westward was much easier, making more people go west.
Agricultural Impacts on Westward Expansion
Bison population dwindled, people moved west and created plots of land, often interfering with the Native's land
Settlement Westward
Settlers settled on the land in the west, causing conflicts with Natives. They were driven to settle by manifest destiny and economic opportunities.
Manifest Destiny
1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent, spreading democracy, capitalism, and protestant views as well.
Dawes Act of 1887
Law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners, forcing assimilation among them. (took land from Indian tribes and promoted assimilation)
Assimilation
the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another
Treaty of Laramie 1868
The treaty recognized the Black Hills as part of the Great Sioux Reservation, set aside for exclusive use by the Sioux people. (force American Indians to give up their lands and move further west onto reservations - to bring peace between White settlers and the tribes, who agreed to relocate to the Black Hills in the Dakota Territory)
Wounded Knee Massacre 1890
U.S. soldiers surrounded and slaughtered about 300 Lakota men, women, and children at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota. (celebrated) (final battle in the Indian Wars)
The Black Hills and Custer's Last Stand 1876 (Battle of Little Bighorn)
Marked the most decisive Native American victory and the worst U.S. Army defeat in the wars with the Natives. (Sioux killed every one of Custer's men- including him George Custer)
How did the development of an urban industrial society influence various groups during this time period?
Citizens - gave many jobs - made it easier to do things, such as transportation, and produced things easier. Made local businesses much less popular.
Chinese - gave them a reason to move to the US, to look for a job in the field of industrialization
Natives - caused more colonization, spreading out West to develop more urban areas. So, natives were disrupted, killed, and relocated.
What factors increased immigration during the time period and how did Americans respond to it?
Economic and religious hardships were main issues in their countries, and the US was seen as a place with great opportunity, jobs, a fresh start, religious freedom... Americans were mixed about it. For some, like the Chinese and Irish, Americans were not very happy. They treated them as inferior, and left them to do the dirty work. For some, like the German, they were very well respected and seen as a part of their society.
How were various groups impacted by US expansion during this era?
NATIVES! - Natives were disrupted, killed, and relocated (As well as getting taken away...)
US CITIZENS - started moving west, gave more choices, more prosperity
Forced Assimilation Boarding Schools
targeted children, with the intention of destroying family ties. forced assimilation, very strict, march formation common...
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Upheld separate-but-equal facilities for white and black people on railroad cars.
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was primarily a response to
competition for jobs on the West Coast
What was the purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act?
maintain competition in business
Sherman Antitrust Act
1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce
Clayton Antitrust Act
1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act
In the late 1800s, why were the Homestead Steel Strike and the Pullman Railcar Strike unsuccessful?
The federal government only supported business owners.
The Dawes Act demonstrates that the U.S. government was seeking to:
resolve the Native American issue without further military engagement.
During the late 19th century, many Irish immigrants were discriminated against for being
Roman Catholics
What is a "push factor" in relation to immigration?
Reasons that immigrants left their homelands
Interstate Commerce Act
1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses
What was the primary purpose of the Interstate Commerce Act(1887), the Sherman Antitrust Act(1890), and the Clayton Antitrust Act(1914)?
to eliminate unfair business practices
14th Amendment (1868)
Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
15th Amendment (1870)
U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed
13th Amendment (1865)
abolished slavery
Industrialization caused (increased/decreased/same) immigration.
increased
What is a "pull factor" in relation to immigration?
A reason that immigrants would want to come to the U.S.
Why were many Americans opposed to labor unions in the late 1800s?
They believed unions were controlled by violent extremists.
How did immigration impact the U.S.?
By diversifying American culture and providing a large workforce
6,000 immigrants who worked for the Central Pacific Railroad were from this country
China
Both Railroad Companies
Central Pacific in the west and the Union Pacific in the mid-west
What does laisse-faire mean when it comes to the economy or big businesses?
The government stays out as much as possible
Note 
Flashcard (24)