politics key words

legitimacy

the right to govern, comes from consent

direct democracy

citizens represnt themselves : reffurendums, initatives, citizens juries, e-democracy

representative/indirect democracy

citizens choose a Representative who makes decisions on their behalf: parlimentary system, presidential system

free and fair elections

all votes are equal

free to make a choice

secret ballot

universal franchise

anyone can stand

rights

acocuntability

supreme court

pluralist democracy

power is spread and dispersed

democracy

particiaptaion crisis

decline in political involvement

franchise/ suffurage

whoi is able to vote

think tanks

lobbysists

tyranny of the majority

weakness that the majority rules against a minority

accountability

answer for your actions, justify why, remove them

old labour

prior to the modernisation: links to socialism, trade unions and the working class. democratic socialism

key policies; nationalism, high progressive taxes, comprehensive schools, welfare state, economic equality

new labour

emerged from the 1997 election by tony blair: less powerful role of trade unions, middle class voters, triangulation (melding of labour principles and thatcher ism) and the third way (between socialism and capitalism)

one nation

strong focus on paternalsim: support for welfare state, progressive taxes, obligaton to look afetr those with less

new right

thatcher-ism: believed there was too much involvement of the state

policies; less gov spending, less lazy people, taxes. worried about permissive culture, traditional values, neo liberalism, free market, law and order

classical liberals

maximisation of personal freedom and minimisation of state, democracy is ‘necessary evil’

modern liberals

still insist on maximising freedoms but understand that sate intervention is needed to create greater equality of opportunity, welfare and social justice, there is ‘too much democracy’ but are more enthusiastic about it

party systems

how many parties achieve reorenstation and have influence on teh politics of a counrty

left wing

redistrubutin of income, welfare state, workers rights, support fro public services, qaulity of opportunity, equal rights, aid

right wing

low taxes, privatisation, low state interference, free markets, low welfare benefits, strong position on law and order, national unity

FPTP

County is divided into single member constituencies, Voters vote for one candidate

Candidate with the most votes (plurality) wins. Does not have to get a majority.

Each constituency elects one member of parliament. MPs go to Parliament and choose a government (executive)

AMS- scotland, wales

Country is divided into single member constituencies.

Voters have either: One vote – counts for local candidate and party, Two votes – vote for local candidate and party separately. Constituency MPs are chosen via FPTP. Parties are then allocated ‘top-up’ MPs to make the result proportional.

STV- northern ireland

Country is divided into multi-member constituencies (usually 5 members). Voters vote as in preference order, candidates have to meet a droop quota

SV

voters are limited to a first and second preference choice.

If a candidate receives more than 50 per cent of the first preference votes then they are elected.

If no candidate reaches the 50 per cent threshold, the two candidates with the highest number of votes remain. The second preferences of voters who voted for eliminated candidates are then counted. Any made for the two remaining candidates are transferred.

partisan disalignment

loyalty to and identification with a particular political party declines.

governing competency

skills, knowledge, and behaviors required for effective governance strategic leadership, accountability, and evaluation. understanding governance principles, legal frameworks, and the impact of governance decisions. 

disillusion and apathy

Disillusion refers to a feeling of disappointment or loss of faith in something, particularly when it does not meet your expectations or beliefs. Apathy describes a lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern, often leading to a state of indifference. 

vaelnce

image of th eparty and their leaders and general belief about th eocmpetence of the party

meritocracy

social system, society, or organisation in which people get success or power because of their abilities, not because of their money or social position:

foundational equality

principle that all individuals are equal in basic worth or moral status, regardless of their characteristics or background.

everyone is entitled to the same fundamental rights, opportunities, and treatment under the law, and that these rights should be applied equally to all.

formal equality

everyone should be treated the same under the law and have the same legal and political rights. It focuses on equal status for all, regardless of background or circumstances, and emphasizes treating all individuals alike. 

social contract

implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection.

mechnaistic theory

world, including living things, can be understood as machines or systems governed by physical laws and processes. everything in the material world can be explained by the arrangement and movement of its parts, much like how a machine functions.

tolerance

willingness to allow the free expression and participation of individuals and groups with differing views, even those that one disagrees with

atomism

society is fundamentally composed of independent individuals, each pursuing their own interests, who then come together to form a larger social structure

opinion polls against and for their banning

shouldnt be banned: infringement on te freedom of expression, may lead to people paying for them, give valubale ideas about peoples opinions,still be able to access them through the internet

should be banned: may influence votes, inaccurate so may mislead the public, politicians should focus on changing opinions expressed in polls

civil liberties

rights guaranteed by everyone: jury trial, marry who you want, freedom of speech

civil rights

protection of minorities

enabling state

shift in the role of government from a traditional model to one that empowers individuals and communities to take greater control over their lives and well-being. creating the conditions and infrastructure for individuals and communities to thrive