Music History I: Exam I

Doctrine of Ethos

The Belief that music affects character; Each mode has its own character

Tetrachord

Four descending pitches encompassing a perfect fourth

Genera

Types of chords: Diatonic; Chromatic; enharmonic

Characteristics of Greek Music

Music & Words are closely related; Sung text ideally w/ poetic versus

Tonos

The arrangements of notes into patterns similar to a scale or mode

The Judaic Heritage

Common elements are corporate prayer, the reading of scripture, and the chanting of hymns and canticles

Emperor Charlemagne

Began Uniting and implementing Church Reform; State was responsible for standardizing the way chants were performed

Pope Gregory

• Creator of the Gregorian chant

• Responsible for writing many united chants churches adopted

• Founded Schola Cantorum

Martianus Capella

Collected, organized and modified Greek music theory and philosophy and transmitted it to the west

Seven Liberal Arts

Trivium and Quadrivium

Trivium

Language disiplines; grammar, rhetoric, and logic

Quadrivium

Mathematical disciplines; math, geometry, music, and astronomy

Boethius

Roman scholar who wrote about classifications of music; Musica Mundana, Musica Humana

Musica Mundana

Music of the Universe created by the movement of celestial objects

Musica Humana

Music of the human body balanced between oneself and society

Musica Instrumentalis

Instrumental Music

Church Modes

8 Modes: Sources for melodic formulas (i.e. Final reoccurring pitch, range)

Authentic: Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian

Plagal: Hypodorian, Hypophrygian, Hypolydian, Hypomixolydian

Guido of Arezzo

Developed music staff and notation; Created the Guidonian hand

Hexachords

Six-note pattern corresponding to the first six tones of the major scale

Solmization

Assigning a syllabic name to each tone of a scale

Mutation

The change between hexachord

Liturgical Year

The annual cycle of religious feasts and seasons that forms the context for the church’s worship (Calendar has influence of musical content)

Office

Series of services scattered throughout the day, and are usually short (with chanting of songs, which are distributed)

Mass

Services developed as a commemoration of the last supper, became standardized in: Fore mass and Sacrifice Mass

Ordinary Texts

Text that never changed

Proper Texts

Text that changed every week

Ordinary of the Mass

The chants Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei

Syllabic, Melismatic, Neumatic

Methods of Text setting

Psalms

Biblical scripture from the book of psalms

Canticles

Poetic texts outside of the book of psalms

Methods for chant performance

• Direct

• Responsorial

• Antiphonal

Direct Chant

Group chanting together

Responsorial Chant

Soloist chants text; Group responds

Antiphonal

Group vs Group

Recitation Formulas

• Simple

• Psalm Tones

Psalm Tones

Used to cycle through text using the same melody

Antiphon

Usually in a simple text sung or spoken before and after psalms or canticles

Troping

Musical or textual addition to existing chants

Syllabic

Every syllable gets one note

Melismatic

Syllables get more than one note

neumatic

3-6 notes per syllable

Sequence

Syllabic setting of latin text in couplets

Notker

Had trouble remembering melismas

Created new style of chanting that is essentially syllabic

Liturgical Drama

Type of play acted within or near the relating stories of the bible and the saints; root of Oratories

Hildegard of Bingen

First female composer that was noticed and studied

Wrote Ordo Virtutum (Play of Virtues) and O Virtuus Saipientie (chant praising God’s Wisdom)

Goliards

Educated traveling clergymen who wrote poems and songs in Latin, German, and french. Wrote Drinking, gambling, and parodies of church songs

Troubadours

Southern Frenchmen who sang songs of courtly love in Provencal, Occitan or langue d’oc

Trouveres

Northern Frenchmen who sang songs of courtly love in Lang d’oil

Trobairitz

Female troubadour

Minnesinger

German Troubadour

Bar Form

aab

Cantigas De Santa Maria

Songs in praise of the virgin Mary

Estampie

Iberian dance music we have the most surviving manuscripts that built in phrases that appeared in couplets, as well as, stollen (open) endings and Abgesang(closed) endings

Stollen (Open) and Abgesang (Closed) Endings

Medieval equivalent of modern 1st and 2nd endings

Tonoi

Plural of Tonos

Epitaph of Seikilos

The oldest music composition that is fully intact

First Delphic Hymn

• Monophonic Hymn dedicated to Apollo

• divided into 2 parts

  • Paean

  • Hyporchema

Vespers for Christmas Day

• Chant sung on the evening of December 24th

• Marked the transition of the 40 days of fast to the celebration of the birth of Christ

Mass for Christmas Day

Vigil Mass, Mass during the Night, Mass at dawn, and mass during the day

Victimae paschali laudes

Sequence performed on Easter

Quem queritis in presepe

Play of the Shepards

Ordo virtutum

Morality play written by Hildegard of Bingen

Can vei la lauzeta

One of the oldest and most well know troubadour songs

Robins m’aime

Earliest French Secular play music

A Chantar

Only surviving song written by of The Countess of dia a Troubaritz

Palästinalied

Crusade Song written during the 5th crusade

5. Non sofre Santa Maria

Song about how Saint Mary will provided for her followers

La quinta estampie real

An Estampie

aperto, chiuso

Open and Closed endings for estampie