AP Psych Unit 3.2 - Vocab Quiz #2

phonemes

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

morphemes

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

semantics

Set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences.

grammar

Set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences.

syntax

is a system of rules that specify how words can be arranged into sentences.

cooing

a stage of early language development that typically occurs between 6 to 8 weeks of age, characterized by the production of soft vowel-like sounds, often resembling 'coo' or 'goo

babbling

a period in a child's development, usually between 6 to 9 months old, where they experiment with uttering articulate sounds but do not yet produce any recognizable words.

one-word stage

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. Around 1 yr old, a child starts to speak one-word and makes family adults understand him

telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.

overgeneralization of language rules

occurs when the rules of grammar are applied too broadly beyond exceptions

ecological systems theory

Views child development as influenced by multiple environmental systems. Consists of five interconnected systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem

microsystem

is the first level of Bronfenbrenner's theory and is the things that have direct contact with the child in their immediate environment. Our immediate environment (family, school, peers)

mesosystem

nteractions between different microsystems in the child's life. These interactions can have significant impacts on the child's development.

exosystem

incorporates other formal and informal social structures such as local governments, friends of the family, and mass media.

macrosystem

focuses on how cultural elements affect a child's development, consisting of cultural ideologies, attitudes, and social conditions that children are immersed in.

chronosytem

relates to shifts and transitions over the child's lifetime. These environmental changes can be predicted, like starting school, or unpredicted, like parental divorce or changing schools when parents relocate for work, which may cause stress.

authoritarian parenting

Parents are rigid, punitive and demand unquestioning obedience from children

authoritive parenting

"Democratic "

are firm, setting limits and goals for their children, YET explain and using reasoning to set those limits

permissive parenting

Parents give children relaxed or inconsistent direction and although nice, require little of them

attachment styles

is related to the social environment in which the children are raised

secure attachment

Parents give children relaxed or inconsistent direction and although nice, require little of them

insecure attachment

is related to the social environment in which the children are raised

avoidant attachment

resists closeness; is seen in babies who do not show preference for the caregiver when strangers are present, and do not exhibit distress when the caregiver leaves

anxious attachment

another type of insecure attachment where individuals crave closeness but also fear rejection or abandonment.

disorganized attachment

shows some pretty extreme behaviors such as crying during separation, falling to the floor when around mom, and even rocking or hitting themselves.Many psychologists believe that the mothers of children with this type of insecure attachment may have suffered some type of traumatic loss in their lives that resulted in severe depression.

temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

separation anxiety

occurs when children express heightened anxiety or fear when away from a caregiver or in the presence of a stranger.

parallel play

refers to a stage of play in early childhood where children play adjacent to each other but do not directly interact or engage with one another.

pretend play

also known as imaginative or make-believe play, involves children using their imagination to create scenarios, roles, and activities.

egocentrism

in psychology, particularly in early childhood, refers to the inability to differentiate between one's own perspective and that of others.

imaginary audience

phenomenon where adolescents believe that others are constantly observing and judging them, as if they are always on stage.

personal fable

is a cognitive distortion in adolescents where they believe their experiences, thoughts, and feelings are unique and not understood by others.

social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

emerging adulthood

a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults.

stage of psychosocial development (erikson)

involves our changes in our interactions and understanding of one another as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society. Believed that passage through the stage required resolution of a conflict

trust and mistrust

(0-18 mo.)

Can I trust the world? Dependent on others to meet physical needs and need for love

autonomy and shame and doubt

(18mo.-3)

Do I have some control over my life?

initiative and guilt

(3-6)

Am I capable of doing things for myself? Imagination developing, curious...asserting independence

industry and inferiority

(6-11)

Am I capable of doing things socially? Compare self with others in social and academic aspects

identity and role confusion

(12-20s)

Who am I and where is my place in this world. Going through the transition from child to adult...trying to discover who you are, what your strengths are and what kind of roles you are best suited to play

intimacy and isolation

(20s-30s)

Can I love and be loved? Pondering entering into a close, loving relationship

generativity and stagnation

(40s-65)

Am I productive and giving something back to the world? Sense that making a difference through children, job, community involvement, etc.

integrity and despair

(65+)

Has it all been worth it? Review of life

adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

refers to a range of traumatic events that occur during childhood, which can have significant and lasting impacts on a person's mental and physical health throughout their life

achievement (adolescent development)

where an individual has a clear sense of self and has made informed choices about their life direction

confusion (adolescent development)

during which adolescents experience an identity crisis and struggle to establish a clear sense of self and their place in society.

foreclosure (adolescent development)

Committed to roles/values without exploring options

Often conform to others' expectations (e.g. parents)

Have not experienced an identity crisis

May feel secure but lack personal exploration

moratorium (adolescent development)

Currently in crisis/exploration phase

Actively exploring different commitments

Not yet made firm choices

May feel uncertain but open to possibilities

racial and ethnic identity

an individual's sense of being defined, in part, by membership in a particular racial group

sexual orientation

an individual's sense of being defined, in part, by membership in a particular racial group

religious identity

the way individuals and communities define themselves based on their religious beliefs, practices, and affiliations.

occupational identity

Describes an individual's sense of self and identity based on their chosen occupation or profession.

familial identity

The part of an individual's identity that is formed by the relationships they have with their family members.

possible selves

refers to various components of the cognitive sense of self; the ideal self (who a person would like to be), who they can become even perhaps who they might be afraid of becoming.