all of chapter 4

Polarity

Epithelial cells having distinct apical (top) and basal (bottom) surfaces.

Avascular but Innervated

Epithelial tissue lacks blood vessels but contains nerve endings.

High Regeneration

Epithelial tissue exhibits a high regenerative capacity.

Apical Surface

The side of epithelial cells that faces the external environment or lumen.

Basal Surface

The side of epithelial cells that attaches to the basement membrane connected to underlying connective tissue.

Microvilli

Tiny projections found in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption.

Cilia

Hair-like structures in respiratory tract cells that help move mucus and debris.

Basal Lamina

The layer acting as a filter in the basement membrane of epithelial tissues.

Reticular Lamina

Provides strength and anchoring to underlying connective tissue.

Desmosomes

Cell junctions that anchor epithelial cells together.

Simple Epithelium

Epithelial tissue consisting of one layer of cells.

Stratified Epithelium

Epithelial tissue consisting of multiple layers of cells.

Squamous Cells

Flat epithelial cells.

Cuboidal Cells

Cube-shaped epithelial cells.

Columnar Cells

Epithelial cells that are taller than wide.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Epithelial tissue found in lungs and capillaries that facilitates diffusion and filtration.

Endothelium

The term for simple squamous epithelium lining blood vessels.

Mesothelium

The term for simple squamous epithelium lining serous body cavities.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Epithelial tissue found in kidney tubules that aids in absorption and secretion.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Epithelial tissue in the GI tract involved in absorption and secretion; contains goblet cells.

Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Epithelial tissue found in bronchi and female reproductive tract aiding in moving substances.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Epithelial tissue that appears layered but is a single layer, found in trachea.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Epithelial tissue that can be keratinized or non-keratinized, providing protection.

Transitional Epithelium

Specialized epithelial tissue that permits stretching, found in bladder.

Exocrine Glands

Glands that have ducts and secrete products on surfaces or cavities.

Endocrine Glands

Glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Unicellular Exocrine Glands

Glands such as goblet cells that are composed of a single cell type.

Multicellular Exocrine Glands

Glands classified by duct structure and secretory unit shape.

Connective Tissue Proper

Consists of loose and dense connective tissues.

Loose Connective Tissue

Includes areolar, adipose, and reticular tissues.

Dense Connective Tissue

Includes regular, irregular, and elastic types.

Adipose Tissue

Stores energy as fat, insulates and cushions organs.

Regular Dense Connective Tissue

Contains collagen fibers aligned in one direction, found in tendons.

Irregular Dense Connective Tissue

Thicker collagen fibers in various directions, providing strength.

Hyaline Cartilage

Provides support and flexibility; found in joints and respiratory structures.

Elastic Cartilage

Similar to hyaline, but with more elastic fibers; found in ears.

Fibrocartilage

Contains thick collagen fibers; found in intervertebral discs.

Compact Bone

Hard tissue structure composed of osteons providing support.

Spongy Bone

Lightweight bone containing trabecular that support marrow.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Leukocytes

White blood cells involved in immune defense.

Platelets

Cells involved in blood clotting.

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary, striated muscle with multi-nucleated fibers.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle found in the heart with intercalated discs.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle found in hollow organs like blood vessels.

Neurons

Cells that transmit nerve impulses.

Glial Cells

Cells that support and protect neurons.

Regeneration

The process of restoring original tissue type post-injury.

Fibrosis

Replaces damaged tissue with scar tissue that often lacks function.

Tissue Repair Stages

Inflammation, Organization, Regeneration or Fibrosis.

Inflammation Cardinal Signs

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain due to mast cells releasing histamine.

Epithelial Membranes

Composed of epithelium and connective tissue, including cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes.

Glandular Epithelium

Epithelial tissue that produces secretions.

Serous Membranes

Membranes that line body cavities such as pleurae around lungs.

Cutaneous Membrane

The skin, which is a protective barrier.

Mucous Membranes

Moist linings of cavities like the digestive tract.

Types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle characterized by their function and control.

Intercalated Discs

Connections in cardiac muscle cells that allow synchronized contractions.

Connective Tissue Functions

Binding, supporting, and protecting other tissues.

Tissue Regeneration Capacity

Epithelial, bone, and loose connective tissues have a high capacity for regeneration.

Moderate Regeneration Capacity

Smooth muscle and dense regular connective tissue.

Low Regeneration Capacity

Skeletal muscle and cartilage.

Very Low Regeneration Capacity

Cardiac muscle and nervous tissues.

Collagen Fibers

Proteins that provide tensile strength to connective tissues.

Goblet Cells

Specialized cells in simple columnar epithelium that secrete mucus.

Basement Membrane

The thin, fibrous structure that supports epithelial tissue.

Chemical Signals

Substances released by cells that influence other cells in tissue repair.

Histamine

A chemical released by mast cells during inflammation.

Fibroblasts

Cells that produce collagen and other fibers in connective tissue.

Epithelial Tissue Functions

Protection, absorption, secretion, and filtration.

Lumen

The cavity or space within a tubular structure.

Connective Tissue Matrix

The non-cellular component of connective tissue, consisting of fibers and ground substance.