Anatomy SGO

An individual's ABO genotypic blood type is normally determined by:

• a. Genetic inheritance from parents and the environmental influences during prenatal development

• b. The Dominance and recessive characteristic of all the alleles the individual possesses

• c. The inheritance of 1 of 3 possible alleles (IA , IB, i ) from each parent

• d. The Law of Segregation postulated by Gregor Mendel

An individual's ABO genotypic blood type is normally determined by:

• a. Genetic inheritance from parents and the environmental influences during prenatal development

• b. The Dominance and recessive characteristic of all the alleles the individual possesses

• c. The inheritance of 1 of 3 possible alleles (IA , IB, i ) from each parent

• d. The Law of Segregation postulated by Gregor Mendel

c. The inheritance of 1 of 3 possible alleles (IA , IB, i ) from each parent

In determining the phenotype for the ABO blood system:

• a. i is dominant over IA

• b. IB is dominant over IA

• c. i is recessive

• d. all of the above

c. i is recessive

Hemoglobin binds to the oxygen in the alveoli as blood moves through capillaries in the lungs. Hemoglobin is at what level?

• a. atom/ion

• b. molecule

• c. tissue

• d. cell

b. molecule

Carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate (sodium hydrogen carbonate) act as buffers in the blood. When a small amount of acid is added to this buffer, the H+ ions are used up as they combine with the bicarbonate ions. What happens as a result?

• a. The pH of the blood increases.

• b. The pH of the blood decreases

• c. The reaction is irreversible.

• d. The pH of the blood does not change

d. The pH of the blood does not change

Which of these conditions indicate positive feedback has occurred?

• a. Blood pressure decreases greatly; blood flow to the heart is inadequate, and blood pressure decreases.

• b. Hot temperatures increase your body temperature above normal; you sweat.

• c. Cold temperatures decrease your body temperature below normal; you shiver.

• d. Blood pressure decreases; as a result, your heart rate increases.

a. Blood pressure decreases greatly; blood flow to the heart is inadequate, and blood pressure decreases.

The heart as part of the cardiovascular system is at the level:

• a. cell

• b. organ

• c. organelle

• d. system

b: organ

The human arm can act as a class 3 lever to pick up objects. What is torque and where is it occurring during the motion of a bicep curl?

• a. It is a resistance felt in the wrist

• b. It is the force causing rotation at the elbow

• c. It is the force of gravity making the object difficult to lift

• d. It is the normal force that varies with the distance of the load

b. It is the force causing rotation at the elbow

Negative-feedback mechanisms

• a. are not homeostatic

• b. are rare in healthy individuals.

• c. respond by making deviations from normal even larger.

• d. are counteracted by most medical therapy.

• e. may have a receptor, a control center, and an effector.

e. may have a receptor, a control center, and an effector.

Resting cell membrane potential is generally negative in human cells (between -40 and -70 mV on the surface). How is this potential achieved?

• a. The Na+/K+ intermembrane pump differentially moves charged ions between the extracellular and intracellular spaces.

• b. The accumulation of negatively charged ions such as hydroxide (OH-) within the cell creates a negative potential.

• c. The H+/K+ ATPase removes hydrogen ions from the cell, thereby creating a negative potential.

• d. The central nervous system generates the charge and transmits it throughout the body via the nerves.

a. The Na+/K+ intermembrane pump differentially moves charged ions between the extracellular and intracellular spaces.

Question 11

Which of the following molecules is the most efficient form of stored energy?

• a. proteins

• b. amino acids

• c. monosaccharides

• d. glycerol

• e. fats

e. fats

Referring to a class one lever system: As the load is moved farther from the fulcrum, the effort needed to lift the load

• a. Increases

• b. Decreases

• c. Stays the same

• d. Is the opposite

a. Increases

Calcium, stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and used in the contraction of muscle, is at the level

• a. atom

• b. organelle

• c. tissue

• d. organism

a. atom

The structural and functional units of organisms are the

• a. organelles

• b. cells

• c. tissue

• d. organs

• e. organ systems

b. cells

Glucose breakdown is ____.

• a. an endergonic reaction proceeding from low-energy molecules to high-energy molecules

• b. coupled with ATP breakdown

• c. combined with carbon dioxide to form oxygen plus water

• d. an oxidation-reduction reaction

• e. the removal of electrons from O2 that are eventually received by substrates

d. an oxidation-reduction reaction

In the ABO blood system, you normally can be type:

• a. A

• b. B

• c. ABO

• d. A, B, AB, or O

• e. all of the above

d. A, B, AB, or O

Homeostatic mechanisms

• a. keep variables exactly at the set point.

• b. help to keep a relatively constant internal environment in the body

• c. act to keep values out of the normal range

• d. usually operate by positive feedback.

• e. produce most disease conditions.

b. help to keep a relatively constant internal environment in the body

Given these levels of organization:

1. cell, 2. molecule, 3. organelle, 4. organ, 5. Tissue, 6. Atom/ion.

Choose the arrangement that lists the levels of organization in the correct order from smallest to largest.

• a. 1,2,3,4,5,6

• b. 6,2,3,1,5,4

• c. 3,2,6,1,4,5

• d. 4,1,3,2,6,5

• e. 5,6,3,1,4,2

b. 6,2,3,1,5,4

Each of your parents has 46 chromosomes in their somatic cells. You are the product of the syngamy of the gametes of your parents, but you also have 46 chromosomes. Account for this.

• a. During anaphase 1 of mitosis the homologous chromosomes were separated into different cells, thus halving the diploid number.

• b. During telophase 2 of meiosis 2 the homologous chromosomes were separated into different cells, thus halving the diploid number.

• c. During telophase 1 of meiosis 1 the homologous chromosomes were separated into different cells thus halving the diploid number.

• d. During telophase 1 of meiosis 1 the sister chromatids were separated into different cells thus halving the diploid number.

c. During telophase 1 of meiosis 1 the homologous chromosomes were separated into different cells thus halving the diploid number.

A mass of cells that grows out of control can be considered a cancer. This process is linked to -

• a. Apoptosis

• b. Mitosis

• c. Meiosis

• d. Semi-conservative replication

b. Mitosis

Virtually all specialized cells of multicellular organisms

• a. develop through mutation from less specialized cells of the organism.

• b. contain more genetic material than less specialized cells of the same organism.

• c. contain less genetic material than less specialized cells of the same organism.

• d. have the same amount of DNA and the same number of chromosomes as all other cells of the organism.

• e. none of these

d. have the same amount of DNA and the same number of chromosomes as all other cells of the organism.

Humans are classified as mammals due to the fact that

• a. Females exhibit live birth

• b. Both genders exhibit mammary glands

• c. They are homeothermic

• d. The body contains several organ systems

b. Both genders exhibit mammary glands

Which of the following statements best describes homeostasis?

• a. Keeping the body in a fixed and unaltered state.

• b. Dynamic equilibrium..

• c. Maintaining a near-constant internal environment

• d. Altering the external environment to accommodate the body's needs

b. Dynamic equilibrium

Which of the following most accurately describes how secondary structures in proteins are stabilized?

• a. Through ionic bonds operating between oppositely charged amino acid side chains.

• b. Through covalent bonds joining different parts of the peptide backbone.

• c. Through disulfide bridges between different amino acid side chains.

• d. Through hydrogen bonds joining different parts of the peptide backbone.

d. Through hydrogen bonds joining different parts of the peptide backbone.

Homeostasis is an example of which of the following characteristics of life?

• a. organization

• b. metabolism

• c. responsiveness

• d. growth

• e. differentiation

c. responsiveness

Which of the following statements regarding glucose is not true?

• a. Glucose is a monosaccharide sugar.

• b. Glucose can be metabolized by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.

• c. Glucose is a hexose.

• d. A high blood glucose concentration is called hypoglycemia.

d. A high blood glucose concentration is called hypoglycemia.

Some human body tissues lose the ability to renew themselves and to repair damage because they contain few ___________________.

• a. stem cells.

• b. molecules of telomerase

• c. static cell populations

• d. apoptosis

a. stem cells

Embryologically, human development is similar to:

• a. Other coelomate chordates that are also protostomes

• b. Other chordates that are also deuterostomes

• c. Other coelomate invertebrates that are also deuterostomes

• d. Other vertebrates that are also protostomes

b. Other chordates that are also deuterostomes

During aerobic cellular respiration, which molecule originates from the digestive system?

• a. oxygen

• b. carbon dioxide

• c. ATP

• d. acetyl coenzyme

• e. glucose

e. glucose

Food moves along from the esophagus, to the stomach, to the intestines before the nutrients are removed and enter the bloodstream for distribution to all the body cells. This level reflects:

• a. tissue

• b. organ

• c. organ system

• d. organism

c: organ system

Fatty acids and monoglycerids

• a. are the end products of carbohydrate digestion

• b. produce 2 ATP units when respired

• c. are the end products of fat digestion

• d. are the end products of protein digestion

c. are the end products of fat digestion