Great Diseases Study Guide Exam 1 TAMU VTPB 221

The theory of spontaneous generation was advocated and defended by:

Needham

With the development of the scientific methods, during the Renaissance , the theory of spontaneous generation came under attack. Who was the first scientist who tried to prove the invalidity of spontaneous generation theory?

Franscesco Redi

Who was behind the scientific thought about contagious diseases that was culminated and was concluded with De contagione et contagiosis morbis et curatione?

Girolamo Fracastoro

The idea that some diseases are caused by and spread by contagions was proposed by:

Girolamo Fracastoro

The critics of Spallanzani's experiment believed that air needed to enter the flask in order for life to be created from nonliving materials, and Spallanzani's experiiment did not allow air to enter the flasks of sterile broth. Louis Pasteur, however, was able to allow air to enter the flask of sterile broth. He performed the same type of experiment as Spallanzani, except:

He used specifically formed flasks with long curved necks

All of the following statements about bacteria are true except:

Bacteria possess nuclei that contain both DNA and RNA

All of the following are true about the characteristics of viruses except:

Their genome is composed of both DNA and RNA

All of the following are true of bacteria:

They can be treated with antibiotics, the host involves the humoral immune system in resting bacterial infection, they are able to grow on non-living media

During early Mankind (Humanoids) era, diseases and plagues were speculated to be rare because of all the following factors except:

The cooler climate of the ice age helped to kill the microbes which may cause diseases in Mankind

The "Four Humor Theory" was developed and propagated by:

The Greek physician Hippocrates

In the study of history medicine, researchers often checked old medical manuscripts. All of the following are ancient medical manuscripts EXCEPT:

Magna Carta

Who was the Greek doctor who was later revered as a god?

Asclepius

In the study of the history of medicine, researchers often relied on examining the skeletons found in mass graves for tell tale signs of certain specific diseases, e.g., Saber shin is usually associated with:

Syphilis

An epidemic is a term used when:

When a disease has a high incidence among a human population within a certain area and time period

An endemic is a term used when:

A disease continues within a human population within a certain area and at low incidence

Little Johnny was playing with his friends. He contracted cold from one of his friends, so he started coughing and sneezing. The coughing and sneezing is a defense mechanism of the body to get rid of the cold-causing microbe thus they are part of the immune system. This sort of immunity is considered:

Innate immunity

Your skin and mucous membranes act as a natural barriers against the invasion of most microbes. So this sort of immunity is considered:

Innate immunity

What is the main defense pathway against intracellular organisms:

Cell-mediated immunity

The main specific immune response of the host against intracellular bacteria and/or viruses is:

Cellular Immune Response

Antibodies are considered part of the:

Humoral Immunity System

Secreted antibiotics are considered part of:

Innate Immune System

What specific defense pathway defends us against extracellular organisms:

Humoral Immunity

The contagion/germ theory was strongly supported and advocated by:

Robert Koch

An epizootic is a term used when:

When a disease has a high incidence among an animal population within a certain area and time

T cells are employed by the body to defend us against:

Virus infections

Who discovered that microbes cause diseases, stained microbes with dye, set the criteria to prove that every disease was caused by a different germ and this postulate holds till now?

Robert Koch

Your skin and mucous membranes act as natural barriers against the invasion of most microbes. So this sort of immunity is considered:

Innate Immunity

The period of time between the infection of an individual by a pathogen and the appearance of symptoms of the disease it causes is called?

The incubation period

Kokowawa is an infectious disease. It is caused by the virus of the family wawae. The kokowawa virus was found to reside in raccoons and oppossums. Little Tommy was in a camping trip when he was bitten by a flea. Two days later, he had a fever, flue-like symptoms, and skin rash. The laboratory results confirmed that he is suffering from Kokowawa disease. Two weeks later, he was cured. As a smart Aggie who took the Great Diseases of the world you were able to determine that the kokowawa disease is:

Zoonosis

During repeated epidemics and because of evolution pressures, the germ causing disease becomes:

Gradually weakened

Upon establishment of germs as the cause of infectious diseases, scientists advocated the destruction of these microbes by exploiting the difference in nature of these germs and the host. This may be achieved by having agents acting only on the germs and not the host or what is known as "selective toxicity." The latter term was coined by:

Paul Ehrlich

The Black Death was fodder for some great literature. Which one of the following great literary work described the plague-infested cities?

The Decameron

The particular plague epidemic of the fourteenth century originated in Asia and traveled to Europe via trade routes. Among them was what ancient trading conduit?

The Silk Road

The plague is called "bubonic" because of what symptom?

Dark/black swollen lymph nodes

Hoping that by demonstrating their humility God would have mercy on them and allow the plague to pass them by, groups of penitents/repenters went on progressions through towns and cities, tearing their clothes and beating themselves and each other. What were these penitents known as?

Flagellants - Italy

"Bubonic" is only one form of the plague; the disease also manifested itself in other variations, including one form that was spread via coughing, sneezing, and breathing. What is the term for this variety of plague?

Pneumonic

What university was ordered by its country's ruler to investigate the cause of the plague?

University of Paris

In medieval version of biological warfare, at what eastern trading station were dead plague victims lobbed over the city walls by forces besieging the city?

Kaffa

All of the following statements about the social impact of the Black death are true:

The flagellants wandered between cities whipping themselves for thier sins, authority of the Christian church was questioned resulting in reaffirmation of the church and this paved the road for the evolution of the Protestant movement, the feudal system began to be undermined and the emergence of wage systems

The causative agent of the plague is classified as a:

bacterium

What population was severely persecuted as a result of the black death?

Jews

Where did the third plague pandemic originate?

Southern China

Where was the first recorded instance of the Black death in Europe?

Messina

The Black Death was fodder for some great literature. One poet wove an extraordinary piece around ten city-dwellers fleeing the plague, each telling ten tales as they sought the safety of isolation in the countryside. Who wrote this great literary work?

Boccaccia

This figure depicts the nautical flag for the letter 'L' which means "The ship is quarantined" Th quarantine system was initiated during the time of the 'Black Death' to reduce the risk of introducing the disease to the port city. Which city initiated this system?

Venice

The lessons learned for the latest break of the plague in Surat (India) regarding prevention of wide spread of plague is

control the fleas, then the rats while treating the victims of the plague.

The vectors responsible for the transmission of the bubonic plague?

Rat fleas

****Which form of the plagues can be transmitted from one human to another directly?

Pneumonic

In which of these countries is malaria absent since the reservoir has been eliminated:

Italy

What has a 48 hour fever cycle as the predominant clinical sign?

Malaria

The Malaria parasite is transmitted by:

Anopheles spp. female mosquitoes

Miasma is the name for:

A theory that poisonous air exhaled by decaying vegetable matter, especially by swamps cause disease

The miasma theory was strongly supported and advocated by:

Max von Petterkofer

Whats the best way to reduce the risk of contracting malaria:

Reduce contact with mosquitoes and take prophylaxis after returning from an area with malaria

Which of the following best describes malaria in Texas?

Presently, Texas has competent vectors but not the reservoir

Which of the following statements best describes Plasmodium Ovale?

Due to selective pressure, it is mainly the malaria of West Africans, not needing a surface protein on the red blood cells to infect

Which of the following most accurately refers to the discovery that a protozoan causes in malaria?

Charles Laveran in Algeria

Which of following most accurately refers to the discovery that a mosquito vector transmits malaria?

Ronald Ross of India

Which of the following is the scientific name, the Genus, of the pathogen that causes Malaria?

Plasmodium

The British India played an important role in the history of malaria because it is where:

The causative agent malaria was discovered

Small Pox in Man is caused by:

Variola virus

In 1796, Edward Jenner scratched the arm of a local child with a needle inoculated with:

Cow pox virus

As a result of George Washington decision to variolate his troops:

Anti-variolation laws were revoked in the colonies

The following statements about "vaccination" are true :

It was popularized to the Western culture, from Turkey, by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

Which of the following is true regarding the process of "Variolation":

It is performed by inoculating a person with material from a smallpox lesion

All of the following regarding the process of vaccination are true:

The process was much safer than variolation, Jenner called the material used for inoculation vaccine from the root word vacca which is latin for cow, vaccination is performed by inoculating a person with material from a cowpox lesion

Variolation as protection against small pox was practiced by any ancient cultures. One of the earliest cultures that practice variolation is :

China

When a person is sick with "small pox" the body uses which of the following methods to fight the causative agent?

Cellular immune response

When was smallpox officially eradicated?

1979

Which of the following statements describes accurately "Royal Experiment"?

It was conducted on prisoners from Newgate prison to check the validity of the process of variolation

Who originated the practice of using smallpox for germ warfare against the native Americans?

English

Small pox is a favorite bioterror weapon because:

Its relative long incubation period and its nonspecific early symptoms makes it highly contagious

All of the following factors made the Spanish Flu epidemic of 1918 unique except:

It is fatal because it was passed from humans to pigs

"Antigenic Shift" is a characteristic of the causal agent of the Influenza. It is the result of:

A major change in the antigenic structure of the casual agent due to recombination of the genetic material from two different strains of the causal agent

"Antigenic Drift" is a characteristic of the causal agent of the Influenza. It is the result of:

A minor and gradual modification in the antigenic structure of the casual agent in effort to avoid the host defense mechanisms

The serotype of the causal agent of the Influenza epidemic of 1918 in the USA was:

An H1N1 serotype

All of the following made the Spanish Flu epidemic of 1918 unique :

Its very acute course, it mainly affected healthy young adults, it attacked the victim's lungs causing severe pneumonia resulting in death

An antigenic shift of the influenza virus is usually associated with which type of the influenza virus?

Type A influenza virus

The term refers to small changes in the genetic material that results in the appearance of new strains of each year:

Antigenic drift

Which of these molecules undergoes antigenic drift in influenza viruses?

Hemagglutin

The fast wide spread of the 1918 Spanish flu in the USA was due to all of the following Except:

Migratory birds

Influenza pandemics is usually associated with:

Antigenic shift between different strain of the influenza agent

Which of the following statements better describes gene-re assortment associated with the influenza virus?

It is associated with the antigen shift of Type A influenza virus

The recommendation for yearly vaccination against influenza may be the result of?

Antigenic drift among strains of the influenza agent

The agent which causes human tuberculosis and is transmitted to humans through the milk of infected cows is:

Mycobacterium bovis

In 1882, Robert Koch was able to :

Identify the causal agent of Tuberculosis

The incidence of tuberculosis in the advanced countries is on the rise because:

The AIDS epidemic and increase in the number of immigrants from developing countries

The tuberculosis is also known as the "white death" because :

The chronic nature of the disease causes the victim to wither and become pale and consumed

Tuberculosis is caused by a:

Bacterium

In the study of the history of medicine, researchers often relied on examining the skeleton found in mass graves for tell tale signs of certain specific diseases, Pott's disease is usually associated with:

Tuberculosis

Before the Industrial Revolution, tuberculosis (TB) may sometimes have been regarded as vampirism. This is based on all of the following Except:

People with TB often have rosey cheeks, pink skin thus suggesting the idea that the only way for these symptoms is by sucking blood

According the movie The Plague, the first reports of the plague cases occurred during the siege of which city?

Caffa ( Kaffa)

From the movie Influenza, during the 1976 Swine flue epidemic, the total population vaccination program, was terminated because:

The association Guillain-Barre syndrome with some cases of vaccinated people (GBS)

According to the movie Influenza 1918, during the Influenza epidemic of 1918 in the USA, most of the people thought it was the result of:

The dust and smoke from burning out manure

According to the movie Influenza 1918, the earliest American experience with this epidemic started:

In the Army Training Camp in Fort Riley, Kansas

From the movie Influenza: Type 'A' Influenza strains are classified strains are classified based on the Hemagglutin (H) and Neuraminidase (N) molecules. The 'N' molecule:

is involved in the release of progeny virus from infected cells, by cleaving sugars that bind the mature viral particles to the cell of the host

From the movie Influenza: Type 'A' Influenza strains are classified strains are classified based on the Hemagglutin (H) and Neuraminidase (N) molecules. The 'H' molecule:

is found on the virus and mediates binding of the virus to target cells and entry to the virus into the cell

According the the movie Influenza 1918, during the outbreak of the Spanish flue in the U.S. president Wilson faced the hard decision of:

Sending more US troops to Europe

According to the movie Influenza 1918, the initial reactions of the authorities was to :

impose self quarantine so the disease would not reach the community AND denial of any danger

From the movie Influenza, All of the following statements about Hemagglutin and Neuramindase are true Except:

Influenza viruses are classified into Type A, B, And C based on the combination of the H and N