Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder

Transes-Based

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is classified under _________ in the DSM-5-TR

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

It is defined as impairing levels of inattention, disorganization, and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity, which interferes with an individual’s daily functioning or development

Externalizing Disorders

In childhood, ADHD frequently overlaps with disorders that are often considered to be __________, such as ODD and CD.

Boys

Children with ADHD—especially ______—often evidence problems in developing school-related academic skills and in achieving satisfactory behavior/emotional adjustment

True

If ADHD is left untreated in children, its course through adulthood may encounter serious problems, many related to drug abuse, criminality, and unsatisfactory relationships with others

Hyperactive

Adolescents and adults with ADHD may not exhibit ________ behaviors but may still have considerable difficulty in focusing on tasks, controlling impulses, and using appropriate social skills

Primarily Inattentive

Those who are _______ have difficulty attending to tasks, maintaining effort, or staying focused on learning or play activities, which shows a pattern of careless mistakes, fail to follow through with instructions, or leave assigned tasks unfinished

Primarily Inattentive

The trait of being _______ is not attributable to defiance or lack of comprehension. Some of its common traits as they grow older are: careless mistake, fail to follow through instructions, leaving assigned tasks unfinished, etc.

Hyperactive

Children who are _______ demonstrate excessive and inappropriate motor activity, such as moving about the classroom, fidgeting, or tapping. As they grow older, these individuals may seem overly active and restless.

Impulsive

Children who are ________ act in haste and show little or no forethought. These individuals may blurt out in class, interrupt others in conversation, or make decisions or act without proper consideration for consequences.

Predominantly Inattentive Type

__________ is an ADHD specifier which states that it is hard for these individuals to organize or finish a task, to pay attention to details, or to follow instructions or conversations. These people are easily distracted or forget details of daily routines.

Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type

__________ is an ADHD specifier which states that these people fidget and talk a lot, hard to sit still for long duration of time, and may run/jump/climb constantly.

Impulsive

Someone who is _______ may interrupt others a lot, grab things from people, or speak at inappropriate times. It is hard for these people to wait for their turn or listen to directions.

Combined Type

__________ is an ADHD specifier which states that inattentiveness and hyperactive-impulsive type are both present within an individual.

12

ADHD symptoms must be present before age _____ for diagnosis

False

When symptoms of what appears to be ADHD first occur after age 13, they can still be diagnosed with ADHD and not with another mental disorder or representations of cognitive effects due to substance use

True or False

7

In the DSM-5, several of the individual’s ADHD symptoms must be present before age 12, compared to age ______ as the age of onset in DSM-IV

Chronic

The ______ course indicates that ADHD can manifest throughout the lifespan; requiring treatment and attention throughout the adult years

True

A substantial proportion of children with ADH remain relatively impaired into adulthood

True or False

True

Once viewed as a childhood condition, ADHD is now known to have a significant presence beyond those early years and is accompanied by an array of other behaviors and conditions in adolescence and adulthood.

True or False

Adulthood

Current research suggests that ADHD is far more persistent into ________ than once was thought; it often requires continuing treatment

Often displays difficulty with social reciprocity during conversations

In the DSM-5, under Criterion A that tackles symptoms of inattention, the following should be present before potentially being diagnosed with ADHD, except?

• Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities

• Often displays difficulty with social reciprocity during conversations

• Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities

• Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly

• Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions)

Often interrupts others during conversations or activities

In the DSM-5, under Criterion A that tackles symptoms of inattention, the following should be present before potentially being diagnosed with ADHD, except?

• Often interrupts others during conversations or activities

• Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities

• Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort (such as schoolwork or homework)

• Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (e.g., toys, school assignments, pencils, books, or tools)

• Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli

• Is often forgetful in daily activities

Often interrupts or intrudes on others

In the DSM-5, under Criterion A that tackles hyperactivity from the symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, the following should be present before potentially being diagnosed with ADHD, except?

• Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat

• Often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected

• Often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate (in adolescents or adults, may be limited to subjective feelings of restlessness)

• Often interrupts or intrudes on others

Often prefers solitary activities over group play

In the DSM-5, under Criterion A that tackles hyperactivity from the symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, the following should be present before potentially being diagnosed with ADHD, except?

• Often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly

• Often prefers solitary activities over group play

• Is often “on the go” or often acts as if “driven by a motor”

• Often talks excessively

Often avoids tasks that involve group decision-making

In the DSM-5, under Criterion A that tackles impulsivity from the symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, the following should be present before potentially being diagnosed with ADHD, except?

• Often blurts out answers before questions have been completed

• Often has difficulty awaiting turn

• Often avoids tasks that involve group decision-making

• Often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g., butts into conversations or games)

Criterion B

In the DSM-5, ________ highlights that some hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that caused impairment were present before age 7 years

Criterion C

In the DSM-5, ________ states that several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms are present in two or more settings (e.g., at school, at work, and at home)

Criterion D

In the DSM-5, ________ highlights that there must be clear evidence of clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning

Criterion E

In the DSM-5, ________ states that the symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of a pervasive developmental disorder, schizophrenia, or other psychotic disorder, and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., mood disorder, anxiety disorder, dissociative disorder, or personality disorder)

ADHD, Combined Presentation

If both Criterion A1 and A2 are met for the past 6 months, the coding based on type is _________

ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Presentation

If Criterion A1 is met but Criterion A2 is not met for the past 6 months, the coding based on type is _________

ADHD, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation

If Criterion A2 is met but Criterion A1 is not met for the past 6 months, the coding based on type is _________

Genes

Multiple _______ are responsible for ADHD

Copy Number Variants

_________ are mutations that occur that either create extra copies of a gene on one chromosome or result in the deletion of genes

Prenatal Smoking

One of the Gene-Environment Interaction root is _______, which increases the risk for ADHD, especially those on children with specific mutation involving the dopamine system (DAT1 genotype)

Dopamine Transport Gene (DAT1)

It is of particular interest because it is found out that Ritalin (an ADHD medication) inhibits this gene and increases the dopamine amount that is available

Test-Taking Motivation

The following are the brain areas that are of current interest in ADHD, except?

• Attention System

• Test-Taking Motivation

• Working Memory Functions

• Inattentiveness

• Impulsivity

False

The brain volume of children with ADHD is slightly bigger by 3-4%

True or False

Cerebral Cortex

In the _______, the peak thickness is delayed by 3 years (at 10.5 years old) compared to children without ADHD (at 7.5 years old)

Prefrontal Cortex

Delay is most prominent in the _________

Frontal Lobe

Because of the delayed and decreased myelination of neurons, a delay in the development of _______ is also present

Low Self-Esteem

ADHD can contribute to ________ due to negative responses by parents, teachers, and peers to the affected child’s impulsivity and hyperactivity

Negative Self-Image

ADHD can contribute to ________ due to years of constant reminders by teachers and parents to behave, sit quietly, and pay attention, which may affect their ability to make friends and social connections

Non-Diagnostic Screening

The initial step in assessing the presence of ADHD in an individual is through a ________ to identify children who show signs of inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity

Formal Diagnosis

Interventions focus on managing attention and hyperactivity challenges before formal diagnosis

Response to Interventions (RtI)

Collaborative multidisciplinary teams design and implement individualized strategies based on _________ and Positive Behavior Support (PBS) frameworks.

Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)

_________ may be used to understand triggers or consequences of inattentive or hyperactive behaviors

False

Multiple Positive Behavior Support (PBS) cycles monitor the effectiveness of interventions prior to referral

True or False

Formal Referral

When behaviors persist despite pre-referral supports, a ________ is made

Completion of long-term intervention plans before any assessment is conducted

The Formal Referral Process includes the following, except?

• Parent-teacher conferences to discuss concerns and intervention observations

• Principal review and parental consent to proceed with evaluation

• Completion of long-term intervention plans before any assessment is conducted

Academic performance and task engagement

To determine a diagnosis of ADHD, specific behavioral and emotional features must be identified and evaluated such as the following, except?

• Inattention (e.g., distractability, forgetfulness)

• Hyperactivity (e.g. fidgeting, restlessness)

• Impulsivity (e.g., blurting, acting without thinking)

• Academic performance and task engagement

• Preference for certain types of leisure activities

Child’s favorite hobbies or interests

To determine a diagnosis of ADHD, specific behavioral and emotional features must be identified and evaluated such as the following, except?

• Social functioning and peer interactions

• Child’s favorite hobbies or interests

• Emotional self-regulation

• Functional purpose of behaviors (e.g., task avoidance)

• Consistency of symptoms across environments

Hyperactivity

Although __________ in childhood was first described more than 100 years ago, disagreement over the most effective methods of treatment continues

False

For children with ADHD, stimulant medication increases overactivity and distractibility and, at the same time, decreases their alertness. As a result, they are often able to function much better at school

True or False

Adults with ADHD who take stimulants show permanent increases in IQ scores compared to those who do not.

Long-term Benefits of ADHD Medications are as follows, except?

• Adults with ADHD who took stimulants during childhood have a lower risk of substance use disorders during adulthood, compared to those who did not.

• Adults with ADHD who take stimulants show permanent increases in IQ scores compared to those who do not.

• Adults with ADHD who are using ADHD medications have significantly reduced outcomes, like car accidents and suicide attempts, compared to those who do not.