Massage Midterm Pt. 2

Oxygenates blood to bloodstream and removes CO2

trachea and lungs

organ of voice

larynx

sacs filling lungs that facilitate oxygenation of blood

pulmonary alveoli

where is oxygenation reversed

in pulmonary arteries and veins

pulmonary arteries carry _________ blood _______ from the heart to the lungs

non-oxygenated; away

pulmonary veins carry _________ blood ____ the heart from the lungs

oxygenated; to

Large, flat, muscular organ that separates thoracic and abdominal cavities; action aids in inhalation, expiration and defecation

diaphragm

plays an important role in regulating body heat and maintaining body heat and acid-base pH balances

respiratory system

what is the normal breaths per minute in horses

12-16

Muscle problems such as chronic stress points (small spasms) and trigger points (areas of lactic acid build-up) will restrict what?

the muscles of inspiration, limiting lung capacity

how can massage allow for deeper breathing

release and undue tension, relieve stress, and alleviate trigger points around the ribcage,

what can cause restriction of expansion of rib cage and therefore limit lung capacity

improper saddle fit and rider’s tense legs

massaging increases circulation throughout the body which in turn

increases the oxygenation of tissue

what happens when the nervous system is relaxed

deeper more steady breathing and better O2/CO2 exchange

functions of organs that the body carries out automatically

autonomic nervous system

maintain stable internal environment (homeostasis)

autonomic nervous system

• Fight or flight” response; response to danger, adversity, stress, anger, and pleasure

• Increases heart rate, blood pressure, air exchange volume and blood flow to muscles

sympathetic

nerves exit from thoracic spine

sympathetic

monitors body in times of rest, sleep, digestion, and elimination when the body is not ready to go into action; central and peripheral

parasympathetic

brain and spinal cord

central

all nerved that exit spinal cord and go to periphery; afferent (sensory) nerves and efferent (motor) nerves

peripheral

nerves exit from upper cervical spine and sacrum

parasympathetic

body functions that you do control; movement, etc

somatic nervous system

distributes O2 and nutrients to every cell of a horses body

cardiac and lymphatic system

carries antibodies to fight infections that invade the body

cardiac and lymphatic system

removes metabolic waste and CO2; distributes heat throughout the body, thereby regulating the horses temp

cardiac and lymphatic systems

what is a normal heart rate for a horse

28-40 beats per minute, 210-280 bpm with exercise

Transmits nutrients, O2, and other essential components throughout the body

cardiac system

what do veins do

bring non-oxygenated blood and metabolic waste back

which way does blood flow and what happens

from arteries to arterioles to capillaries; O2-CO2 exchange occurs

what do valves do

prevent backflow

what is the problem with varicose veins

they have poor valve function

why do injuries need to have increased circulation to the area

to helps increase healing rate and decrease healing time

what happens to the capillaries in the cold

the capillaries farthest away from the heart constrict; blood is therefore reduced in those extremities, keeping most of the blood at the body’s core to keep vital organs warm

what happens to capillaries in the heat

capillaries dilate, allowing more blood to flow through the capillaries to the surface of the skin. Heat from the core is released from the body through the skin

plays major in body’s defense mechanism

lymphatic system

aid in fighting viral and bacterial infections

white blood cells

network of small vessels (like a mini cleaning factory)

lymph nodes

when body is injured, this occurs at the site of trauma and produces swelling and inflammation

an increase in lymphatic fluid

T or F there are 2 times as many lymph nodes as blood vessels

true

filters and removes debris and waste material

lymph nodes

how does fluid move

from periphery to heart

describe how the fluid moves

slow and sluggish

lack of exercise can contribute to what

lymph congestion resulting in swelling of the limbs

what can happen to the lymph system when there is too much exercise

build up of toxins leading to inflammation of lymph vessels and nodes

increased muscle contracture increases __________

lymph movement

Following an injury, decreased muscle activity contributes to

the slowing of lymph circulation

Massage does NOT affect these systems, although it helps with circulation which increases nutrients and oxygenation to the associated tissues

endocrine, digestive, urinary and repro systems

relaxes the nervous system, which improves overall functioning of these

systems

endocrine, digestive, urinary and repro systems

made up of glands (thyroid, parathyroid)

endocrine system

produces and transmits hormones throughout the body

glands

hormones regulate growth, development, metabolism and reproduction

glands

Mouth, stomach, intestines, bowel; Extracts nutrients from food and eliminates waste

digestive system

Bladder and kidneys; Removes excess water and unwanted substances by filtering blood through the kidneys

urinary system

continuance of species

reproductive system