chapter 8 appendicular: LOWER LIMBS

pelvis

sacrum, coccyx, right ossa coxae, left ossa coxae

supports viscera in inferior part of ventral body cavity

pelvis

pelvic girdle

ONLY L & R ossa coxae - ilium, pubis, ischium

distribute weight / supp soft organs

the pelvic girdle is angled ________ when standing upright

anteriorly

3 multiple choice options

ossa coxae / coxal bones

hip bones

compare mobility and stability of SHOULDER JOINT and PELVIC GIRDLE. pelvic girdle is....

less mobility, more stability

3 multiple choice options

the 3 coxal bones r fused

through puberty

acetabulum

LATERAL!!

hip socket, articulate w femur; region where the 3 bones have FUSED

lunate surface

Smooth articulating surface on the periphery of the acetabulum - w femoral head

articulation btwn os coxae and sacrum

sacroiliac joint

acetabular rim

outside edge of acetabulum, fibrocartilage

the lunate surface is made of

cartilage

obturator foramen

opening in hip bone formed by the pubic and ischial rami - passage for nerves, blood vessels

ala

wing of ilium

pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones fuse together

anterior superior iliac spine

anterior inferior iliac spine

iliac crest

upper margin of iliac bones

iliac fossa

The broad, slightly concave inner surface of the ilium.

superior and inferior pubic ramus

sciatic notch

angled: on the POSTERIOR side. separated by ischial spine !!

ischial tuberosity

receives the weight of the body when sitting

greater/false pelvis

Above the pelvic brim

Borders:

Lumbar vertebrae

Upper portions of hipbone

Abdominal wall

Contains urinary bladder (full) and uterus (pregnancy)

lesser/true pelvis

Below pelvic brim -- Surrounds pelvic cavity

baby passes through

lesser/true pelvis

female vs male pelvis

Female pelvis is lighter, thinner, and wider than male pelvis, flares out anteriorly and has a wider sacrum, wider ilium

Make titled less far forward - support heavier organs

* sex differences happen during puberty

broad, shallow pelvis

female

narrow, deep pelvis

male

largest and strongest bone in body?

femur

preauricular sulcus

depression btwn greater sciatic notch & sacroiliac articulation; only in females

subpubic angle

degree of angle formed under the pubis symphysis; wider and more convex in F!!

components of the lower limb

thigh + leg + foot

how many bones in lower limb

30: femur, patella, tibia / fibula, 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges

how many tarsals

7

femur: proximal vs distal articulations

proximally: fovea / fovea capitis in head articulates with the acetabulum

distally:

- patellar surface articulates with articular surface of patella

- medial & lateral condyles articulate with medial & later condyles of tibia

femur is abt ___ of height

1/4

femur: anterior, top to bottom

TOP

lateral to medial: greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line, neck, head w fovea capitis, lesser trochanter (a bit under, from behind)

MIDDLE nothing

BOTTOM

lateral to medial: lateral epicondyle, lateral condyle, patellar surface (v bottom), medial condyle, adductor tubercle, medial epicondyle

femur: posterior, top to bottom

TOP

intertrochanteric CREST!,

medial: pectineal, lateral: gluteal tuberosity

merge into LINEA ASPERA which is kinda MIDDLE

BOTTOM - up 2 down

medial & lateral supracondylar lines

popliteal surface (middle ish)

intercondylar fossa

condyle vs epicondyle

condyle: covered w cartilage - make joint / articulaysh

epicondyle: point 4 attachment for ligaments

trochanter

attach 4 muscle

what results in the medial angling of the femur

the elongated neck which joins the shaft @ an angle

Both trochanters are

insertion sites for gluteal and thigh muscles

patella

- kneecap, sesamoid - housed within tendon

- superior base

- inferior apex

POSTERIOR: articular surface covered by cartilage, articulates w femur; medial and lateral facet

UNDER: patellar ligament -> tibia

what is the only weight-bearing bone in the crural region?

tibia

crural region

leg

fibula is

lateral

between the tibia and fibula

interosseous membrane, extends between interosseous borders

what provides a pivot of minimal rotation for bones

interosseous membrane

tibia, anterior top to bottom

TOP:

medial & lateral condyles, separated by intercondylar eminence

tibial tuberosity -middle ish

MIDDLE

anterior border - "shin"; ridge

BOTTOM

medial malleolus

bottom bottom: inferior articular surface

tibia, posterior top to bottom

TOP

laterally: fibular articular facet

BOTTOM

laterally: fibular notch

what can be palpated on the medial side of the ankle

medial malleolus of tibia

inferior tibiofibular joint

fibular notch + fibula

superior tibiofibular joint

fibular articular surface/facet + fibula

hammer reflex

patellar ligament

attachment for patellar ligament

tibial tuberosity

fibula, top to bottom

TOP

articular facet (more anterior); head & neck

BOTTOM

lateral malleolus

what can u palpate on lateral side of ankle

lateral malleolus

tarsals

proximal: talus, calcaneus, navicular

distal: cuneiforms and cuboid

largest bone of foot

calcaneus

talus

articulates w tibia, superior, 2nd largest

cuneiform category

medial intermediate, cuneiform

cuboid

lateral

great toe

hallux

3 phalanges

proximal, middle, distal

foot arches

- support weight of body

- ensure blood vessels on sole of foot not pinched

- ligaments & tendons PLUS bones create arch

3 arches: medial & lateral longitudinal; transverse

the highest of the three arches

medial longitudinal arch

3 multiple choice options

Formed from calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiform bones, metatarsals I-III

medial longitudinal arch

Formed from calcaneus, cuboid bones, metatarsals IV-V

lateral longitudinal arch

transverse arch

perpendicular to other arches; along distal row of tarsals

Formed from distal row of tarsals and bases of all metatarsals

pes cavus

long arch too high

pes planus

long arch too flat

The ossa coxae collectively make up the

pelvic girdle

Which portion of the os coxae is most anterior and inferior?

pubis

The sacrum, the coccyx, and hip bones make up the

pelvis

When a person is standing upright, the pelvis is tipped

anteriorly

name the parts of the coxal bones

A, B, C

ilium, ischium, pubis

The rough anterior surface of the tibia that can be palpated just inferior to the patella is the

tibial tubersoity