populism

4 alternative views on what populism is

1. ideology

2. form of communication

3. a strategy

4. form of organization

4 components of ideational definition of populism (Mudde)

1. populism as an ideology (supporting, not ecnompassing)

2. dualism between the people and the elite

3. the people and the elite are homogenous groups

4. politics expresses the general will of the people

2 examples of approaches of measuring populism

1. popuList database - scholars categorize cases + country experts assess (qualitative)
2. POPPA expert survey - uses statistical modeling based on country experts' ratings of parties

4 explanations for rise of populism

1. economic/socio-cultural/combined grievances
2. performance of political institutions
3. behavior of political actors
4. other, incl. changes in media landscape

3 components of economic grievances as factor

1. negative economic developments - ego- or sociotrophic
2. fear of future insecurity
3. societal divisions like urban-rural divide

2 components of sociocultural grievances

1. societal changes like decline in traditional values, mobilization of women, immigration
2. counterreactions to these changes - espec. amongst white males

2 components of performance of political institutions as a factor

1. belief that they lack responsiveness/efficacy in addressing issues e.g., inequalities
2. Euroskepticism and lack of faith in decision making

4 components of political actors' behavior as a factor

1. politicians who say whatever it takes to get to power
2. issue salience strategies (?)
3. capitalizing on wedge issues to further divide society
4. the reaction of mainstream parties to challengers - impacts support