Cell structure CMB 1
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Q: Who proposed the original cell theory?
A: Schleiden and Schwann in 1839.
Q: What are the three basic principles of cell theory?
A: All living things are made of cells, cells come from preexisting cells, and cells are the smallest unit of life.
Q: What does the modern version of cell theory add?
A: Energy flow occurs within cells, DNA is hereditary, and all cells have the same chemical composition.
Q: What are the main parts of a cell?
A: Plasma membrane, cytosol, and organelles.
Q: Name 4 cell shapes.
A: Squamous, spheroid, stellate, fibrous.
Q: What limits cell size?
A: Surface area-to-volume ratio.
Q: Why are small cells more efficient?
A: They have a larger surface area relative to volume for nutrient/waste exchange.
Q: What is cytosol?
A: The fluid portion of the cytoplasm.
Q: What is the function of the plasma membrane?
A: Encloses the cell and mediates transport and communication.
Q: What is the cytoskeleton?
A: A network of filaments and tubules for shape and transport.
Q: Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?
A: No
Q: Where is DNA found in prokaryotes?
A: In the nucleoid region.
Q: Do prokaryotes have organelles?
A: No, most organelles are absent.
Q: How do prokaryotes reproduce?
A: Asexually.
Q: Do eukaryotic cells have organelles?.
A: Yes
Q: Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?
A: In the nucleus.
Q: Do eukaryotic cells reproduce sexually?
A: Yes, typically.
Q: What cells are eukaryotic?
A: Animal, plant, fungal, and protist cells.
Q: What type of cell is bacteria?
A: Prokaryotic.
Q: What structure do both cell types have?
A: Plasma membrane.
Q: What are membranes made of?
A: Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, glycolipids.
Q: What makes up 50% of membrane mass?
A: Lipid molecules.
Q: What does amphiphilic mean?
A: Having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
Q: What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?
A: A lipid bilayer with embedded, mobile proteins.
Q: What do glycolipids do?
A: Form glycocalyx and aid in cell recognition.
Q: What does cholesterol do in membranes?
A: Maintains membrane fluidity and stability.
Q: What are lipid rafts?
A: Cholesterol and sphingolipid-rich membrane domains involved in signaling.
Q: Where are lipid rafts located?
A: Outer leaflet of the membrane.
Q: What diseases are lipid rafts implicated in?
A: Cancer, Alzheimer’s, autism, cardiovascular disease.
Q: What is membrane asymmetry? A: Different lipid composition in each leaflet.
Q: What keeps lipid asymmetry?
A: Limited flip-flop and enzymes like flippase.
Q: What is phosphatidylcholine mostly found in?
A: Outer membrane leaflet.
Q: What phospholipids are mostly inner leaflet?
A: Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine.
Q: What is a lipid raft’s role in neurodegeneration?
A: Helps organize synaptic proteins and influence cognition.
Q: What is Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome?
A: A genetic disorder of cholesterol metabolism linked to autism.
Q: How are lipid rafts involved in cancer?
A: Act as signaling hubs influencing cell survival and metastasis.
Q: Do lipid rafts affect synaptic transmission?
A: Yes.
Q: What stabilizes lipid rafts during stress?
A: Heat shock proteins.
Q: What are rafts enriched in?
A: Sphingolipids and cholesterol.
Q: What do lipid rafts concentrate?
A: Signaling molecules.
Q: What are the two types of membrane proteins?
A: Integral and peripheral.
Q: What do integral proteins do? .
A: Span the membrane and may form channels
Q: What do peripheral proteins do?
A: Attach to membrane surfaces.
Q: Name 5 functions of membrane proteins.
A: Transport, enzymes, receptors, identity markers, adhesion.
Q: What do channel proteins do?
A: Create pores for passive movement.
Q: What are gated ion channels controlled by?
A: Ligands, voltage, or mechanical stimuli.
Q: What do carrier proteins do?
A: Transport solutes across membranes.
Q: What do receptor proteins do?
A: Bind ligands and trigger responses.
Q: What are ligands?
A: Molecules like hormones that bind to receptors.
Q: What are glycoproteins used for?
A: Cell identity markers.
Q: What are CAMs?
A: Cell adhesion molecules.
Q: What do integrins do?
A: Anchor cells to the ECM.
Q: What do brush border enzymes do?
A: Digest disaccharides in the small intestine.
Q: What does acetylcholinesterase do?
A: Breaks down neurotransmitters.
Q: Which proteins are involved in intercellular communication?
A: Receptor proteins.
Q: What is the largest organelle?
A: Nucleus.
Q: What is chromatin?
A: Uncondensed DNA and proteins in the nucleus.
Q: What forms chromosomes?
A: Condensed chromatin during cell division.
Q: What does the nucleolus produce?
A: Ribosomes.
Q: What is the nuclear envelope continuous with?
A: Rough ER.
Q: What is the endomembrane system?
A: Interconnected membranes including ER, Golgi, vesicles.
Q: What does the rough ER do?
A: Synthesizes and folds proteins.
Q: What does the smooth ER do?
A: Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies.
Q: What does the Golgi apparatus do?
A: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
Q: What are lysosomes?
A: Vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes for digestion.
Q: What are secretory vesicles used for?
A: Exocytosis.
Q: What are peroxisomes?
A: Break down toxins like hydrogen peroxide.
Q: What do ribosomes synthesize?
A: Proteins.
Q: What are mitochondria responsible for?
A: ATP production through respiration.
Q: Do mitochondria have their own DNA?
A: Yes.
Q: What does mitochondrial DNA code for?
A: Some proteins involved in respiration.
Q: What is the matrix?
A: Space within the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Q: What do mitochondrial diseases affect most?
A: Muscle and nerve tissue.
Q: What supports endosymbiotic theory for mitochondria?
A: Their bacterial-like DNA and ribosomes.
Q: What are vacuoles used for?
A: Waste disposal and water balance
Q: What triggers autophagy?
A: Starvation, stress, hypoxia.
Q: What is selective autophagy?
A: Targeted degradation of specific cellular components.
Q: What are autophagosomes?
A: Double-membraned vesicles formed during autophagy
Q: What proteins initiate autophagosome formation?
A: Atg9, Beclin1, PI3K.
Q: What is the role of lysosomes in autophagy?
A: Fuse with autophagosomes to degrade contents.
Q: What diseases are linked to defective autophagy?
A: Neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's.
Q: Who won a Nobel Prize for autophagy research?
A: Yoshinori Ohsumi in 2016.
Q: How does autophagy relate to immunity?
A: Helps defend against pathogens.
Q: What cellular process does autophagy help maintain?
A: Homeostasis.
Q: What is in vitro culture?
A: Growing cells outside the body on plastic/glass.
Q: What is a primary culture?
A: Cells taken directly from tissue.
Q: What is a cell line?
A: A culture that has been subcultured and may be immortalized.
Q: What is an immortal cell line?
A: A cell population with infinite growth capacity.
Q: What is trypsin used for?
A: Detaching adherent cells from flasks.
Q: What is PBS used for?
A: Washing cells.
Q: What is phenol red in media?
A: A pH indicator.
Q: What color is media when cells grow?
A: Yellow/orange (acidic).
Q: What is monoclonal antibody production? .
A: Use of hybridomas to produce specific antibodies
Q: What does SV40 T antigen do?
A: Immortalizes cells by inactivating tumor suppressor genes
Q: What are totipotent cells?
A: Can form an entire organism.
Q: What are pluripotent cells?
A: Can differentiate into any cell type.
Q: What are multipotent cells?
A: Can form a limited range of tissues.
Q: What are hybridomas?
A: Fused cells used for monoclonal antibody production.
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