Kinesiology test 3

how many vertbrae and spinal nerves in the vertebral column

24 vertebrae, 31 paris of spinal nerves

how are abdominal muscles linked

fascia and tendinous bands, do not attach from bone to bone

what do the small muscles of the head, verebral column, and throax do

assist in spinal stabilization or respiration 

how many of each type of vertebrae are there

7 cervicle

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

9 fused (5 scarum, 4 coccyx)

what are the 3 curves of the moveable spin, how do they curve and what do they do

thoracic curves posteriorly (kyphotic)

cervical and lumbar curve anteriorly (lordotic)

spinal curves enable it to abdorb blows and shocks

why do the vertebrae increase in size from cervical to lumbar

lower back having to support more weight

what are the first two cervical vertebrae and what do they do

atlas is first, axis is second. They allow for extensive rotary movements of head to side as well as forward and backward 

what does the cervical vertebral foramen house

spinal cord

transverse process project out

laterally

spinous process project out

poseriorly 

what vertebrae is this

cervicle

what vertebrae is this

thoracic

what vertebrae is this

lumbar 

how many true, false, and floating ribs

7 true

5 false (3 attach indirectly to sternum, 2 floating ribs)

where to ribs attach

poteriorly to thoracic vertebrae

what is the most superior joint called

atlantooccipital joint

how is atlantoocipital joint formed

occipital condyles of skull sitting on articular fossa of the first vertebrae

movement allowed at the atlantooccipital joint

capital flexion and extension

what hoint is between atlas (c1) and axis (c2)

atlantoaxial joint

atlantoaxial joint actions and joint type

cervical rotaion (most occurs here)

piviot-type (trochoid) joint

what is the most mobile joint of any two vertebrae

atlantoaxial joint

what are vertebral articulations classified as and what type of joint

arthroidial, gliding-type joint

where are the gliding motions between the vertebrae located

between superior and inferior articular processes of facets joints

name the two parts of the invertebral disk and what they are composed of

annulus fibrosus: outer rim of dense fibrocartilage

nucleus pulposus: central gelatinous, pulpy substance

the compressed elastic material in invertebral disks allows compression in what direction

all directions along with torsion

with aging, injury, or improper use, what happens to invertebral disks

less resilent, weakened annulus fibrosus

what is herniated nucleus pulposus

herniated or slipped disk, nucleus protruding through annulus resulting from substaintial weakening combined with compression. Puts pressure on spinal nerve root, causing radiating pain, tingling, numbness, and/or weakening in lower extremity.

what part of the spine is most movable

cervical and lumbar, slight thoracic movement

lordosis

increased anterior curve )extension) of lumbar and cervical vertebrae 

kyphosis

increased posterior curve (flexion) or thoracic curve

scoliosis

lateral curvature or sideward deviations of spine (plus rotation)

cervical region movements

flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation

lumbar spine including trunk movment

flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation

spinal flexion

◦anterior movement of spine; in cervical region the head moves toward chest; in lumbar region the thorax moves toward pelvis

spinal extension

return from flexion or posterior movement of spine; in cervical spine, head moves away from chest; thorax moves away from pelvis

Lateral flexion (left or right)

sometimes referred to as side bending; head moves laterally toward shoulder & thorax moves laterally toward pelvis

Reduction

return movement from lateral flexion to neutral

Spinal rotation (left or right)

rotary movement of spine in transverse plane; chin rotates from neutral toward shoulder & thorax rotates to one side

what is the largest muscle of the spinal column

erector spinae, extends on each side of spinal column from pelvic region to cranium

what is the erector spinae divided into

spinalis(medial), longissimus(middle), iliocostalis(lateral)

what are the largest muscles of the cervicle and head movements

sternocleidomastoid and splenius muscles 

what are the large abdominal muscles

Rectus abdominus, external oblique abdominal, internal oblique abdominal & quadratus lumborum

what abdominal wall mucles attach into an aponeurosis (fasicia)

external oblique abdominal, internal oblique abdominal & transversus abdominus

what muscles are of inner core and how to activate

◦Diaphragm, transversus abdominus, lumbar multifidus & pelvic floor muscles which attach to bony ring of pelvis

◦Activating these muscles requires a level of focus & concentration

what are outercore muscles and how to activate

◦rectus abdominus, external obliques, internal obliques & erector spinae

◦Exercised in a variety of means including but not limited to sit-ups, V-sit-ups, crunches, curl-ups, abdominal twists, prone extensions, superman exercises, etc.

what are the 3 anteror vertebral muscles that flex the head and upper cervical spine 

•longus capitis, rectus capitis anterior & rectus capitis lateralis

◦All are flexors of head & upper cervical spine

sternocleidomastoid orgin, inerstion, action

•Origin: Manubrium & superior, medial clavicle

•Insertion: Mastoid Process

Action: •Both Sides: Extension of head at atlantoocciptal joint and neck flexion.

•Opposite Rotation

Same Side Lateral Flexion

diaphragm action and what happens as it contracts and flattens

◦Responsible for breathing during quiet rest

◦As it contracts & flattens, thoracic volume is increased & air is inspired to equalize the pressure

◦When larger amounts of air are needed, as in exercise, other thoracic muscle have a more significant role in inspiration

scalene muscle action

•muscles elevate first 2 ribs to increase thoracic volume

external intercostals action

further expand the chest

internal intercostals action

contract to force expiration

multifidus general orgin, insertion, action

spinous process superior vertebrae→ transverse process inferior vertebrae

Action: Bilateral = Extension

Contralateral Rotation     & Lateral Flexion

Lumbar spine stabilization (with TrA and pelvic floor)

erector spinae muscles action

•Extension, Lateral Flexion, Rotation of spine and head

•Anterior pelvic tilt, Lateral Flexion of Pelvis

quadratus lumborum muscle orgin, insertion, action

•Origin: Posterior lip of iliac crest

•Insertion: 12^th rib and Lumbar 1-4

•Stabilizes Pelvis and Lumbar Spine

•Lumbar extension, lateral flexion

•Pelvic lateral flexion and anterior tilt

what are the muscles of the abdominal wall

•Rectus abdominus

•External oblique abdominal

•Internal oblique abdominal

•Transverse abdominus

rectus abdominis orgin, insertion, action

Origin: Crest of pubis

Insertion: Cartilage of ribs 5, 6, 7, and xiphoid process

Action: Lumbar Flexion

Posterior Pelvic Tilt

Weak opposite lateral flexion

external oblique orgin, insertion, action

Origin: Borders of lower 8 ribs

Insertion: Anterior Iliac crest

Action: Lumbar Flexion

Posterior Pelvic Tilt

Lumbar lateral flexion,
rotation, pelvic rotation

internal oblique, orgin, insertion, action

Origin: Iliac Crest, Lumbar Fascia

Insertion: Costal Cartilages of Ribs 8, 9, 10

Action: Lumbar Flexion

Posterior Pelvic Tilt

Lumbar lateral flexion,
rotation, pelvic rotation

transversus abdominis orgin, insertion, action

Origin: Inguinal ligament à iliac crest àinner surface of the costal cartilage of lower 6 ribs à lumbar fascia

Insertion: Pubic crest and iliopectineal line, aponeurosis of linea alba

Forced expiration by pulling abdominal wall inward

Stabilization!

muscles of cervical flexion

sternocleidomastoid

muscles of cervicle extension

erector spinae 

muscles of cervical lateral flexion

sternocleidomastoid

erector spinae

cervical rotation

sternocleidomastoid

muscles of lumbar flexion

rectus abdominis

external oblique abdominal

internal oblique abdominal 

muscles of lumbar extension

erector spinae

multifidi

muscles of lumbar lateral flexion

erector spinae

external oblique abdominal

internal oblique abdominal

muscles of lumbar rotation

rectus abdominus 

external oblique abdominal

internal oblique abdominal 

what does acetabulofemoral refer to

hip joint

why is the hip joint relativly stable

bony architecure, strong ligaments, large supportive muscles

hip joint function

weight bearing and locomotion

what type of joint is the hip bone

ball and socket

head of femur connects with_______

acetabulum of pelvic girdle

right and left pelvic bone joined together posteriorly by_________

sacrum

name the 3 pelvic bones

ilium, ischium, and pubis

longest bone in the body

femur

sacroiliac motion

minimal oscillating type movements

acetabulofemoral joint reinforced by

extreamly strong and dense ligametous capsule, esecially anteriorly 

function of labrum

lines periphery of the acetabulum to enhance stability and provide some shock absorption

hip flexion

movment of femur straight anteriorly toward pelvis

hip extension 

movement of femur straight posteriroly away from the pelvis; sometimes referred to as hyperextension 

hip abduction

movement of femur laterally to side away from midline

hip adduction

movment of femur medially toward midline

hip external rotation

rotary movement of femur laterally around its longitudinal axis away from midline; lateral rotation

hip internal rotation

◦rotary movement of femur medially around its longitudinal axis toward midline; medial rotation

anterior pelvic tilt

anterior movement of upper pelvis; iliac crest tilts forward in a sagittal plane; anterior tilt; downward rotation

posterior pelvic tilt

◦anterior movement of upper pelvis; iliac crest tilts forward in a sagittal plane; anterior tilt; downward rotation

Left lateral pelvic flexion

◦in frontal plane left pelvis moves inferiorly in relation to right pelvis; either left pelvis rotates downward or right pelvis rotates upward; left lateral tilt

•Right lateral pelvic flexion

◦in frontal plane right pelvis moves inferiorly in relation to left pelvis; either right pelvis rotates downward or left pelvis rotates upward; right lateral tilt

•Left transverse pelvic rotation

◦in horizontal plane pelvis rotates to body's left; right iliac crest moves anteriorly in relation to left iliac crest, which moves posteriorly

•Right transverse pelvic rotation

◦in horizontal plane pelvis rotates to body's right; left iliac crest moves anteriorly in relation to right iliac crest, which moves posteriorly

what does the hip and lumbar do due to anterior pelvic tilt

hip flexion, lumbar extension

when posterior pelvic tilt what does hip and lumbar do

hip extension, lumbar flexion

sagittal plane movments of hip, lumbar, pelvis

•Anterior pelvic tilt

◦hip flexion

◦lumbar extension

• Posterior pelvic tilt

◦hip extension

◦lumbar flexion

in left lateral pelvic flexion what does left hip, right hip, and lumbar duo

•Left lateral pelvic flexion

◦Left hip abduction

◦Right hip adduction

◦Right Lumbar lateral flexion

ir right lateral pelvic flextion what does right and left hip and lumbar do

•Right lateral pelvic flexion

◦Right hip abduction

◦Left hip adduction

Left Lumbar lateral flexion

movments of fronal plane of hip, pelvis, and lumbar

•Left lateral pelvic flexion

◦Left hip abduction

◦Right hip adduction

◦Right Lumbar lateral flexion

•  Right lateral pelvic flexion

◦Right hip abduction

◦Left hip adduction

◦Left Lumbar lateral flexion

left pelvic rotation right, left hip and lumbar movements

•Left pelvic rotation

◦Right hip external rotation

◦Left hip internal rotation

◦Right lumbar rotation

right pelvic rotation, left and right hip and lumbar movement

•Right pelvic rotation

◦Left hip external rotation

◦Right hip internal rotation

◦Left lumbar rotation

transverse plane hip, pelvis, and lumbar movements

•Left pelvic rotation

◦Right hip external rotation

◦Left hip internal rotation

◦Right lumbar rotation

• Right pelvic rotation

◦Left hip external rotation

◦Right hip internal rotation

◦Left lumbar rotation

lower cross syndrome

Facilitated “tight” thoracolumbar extensors and iliopsoas

 Inhibited “weak” abdominals and glutes

 Increased lordosis

 Anterior pelvic tilt

 External rotation