PSYC 225 Lifespan & Development: Exam #4/Final

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Climacteric (Ch.15)

The years during which reproductivity capacity declines or is lost in both males and females

Hypertension (Ch.15)

The chronic health condition known as high blood pressure

Erectile Dysfunction (Ch.15)

Inability to achieve or maintain an erection; also called impotence

Menopause (Ch.15)

The cessation of menstrual cycles in middle-age women

Progesterone (Ch.15)

A hormone secreted by the ruptured ovarian follicle from which the ovum emerges

Premenopausal Phase (Ch.15)

The stage of menopause during which estrogen levels fall somewhat, menstrual periods are less regular, and anovulatory cycles begin to occur

Perimenopausal Phase (Ch.15)

Stage of menopause in which estrogen and progesterone levels are erratic, menstrual cycles may be very irregular, and women begin to experience symptoms such as hot flashes.

Postmenopausal Phase (Ch.15)

The LAST stage of menopause. Begins when a woman has had no menstrual periods for a year or more.

Premature Menopause (Ch.15)

Loss of ovarian function before age 40

Hormone Therapy (Ch.15)

(HT) Estrogen and progesterone taken together to reduce the physical symptoms and effects of menopause

Hot flashes (Ch.15)

Sudden sensations of feeling hot

Cognitive Reserve (Ch.15)

The brain’s ability to maintain functionality despite injury or age-related declines in neurological health

Osteoporosis (Ch.15)

Loss of bone mass with age, resulting in more brittle and porous bones

Bone Mineral Density (Ch.15)

(BMD) A variable that is associated with osteoporosis

Presbyopia (Ch.15)

Age-related loss of VISUAL acuity, especially the ability to focus the eyes on near objects.

Presbycusis (Ch.15)

Normal loss of HEARING with aging, especially of high-frequency tones.

Primary Aging (Ch.15)

Age-related physical changes that have a biological basis, are universally shared, and are inevitable

Secondary Aging (Ch.15)

Age-related changes that are due to environmental influences, poor health habits, or disease

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) (Ch.15)

(CVD) A group of disease processes in the heart and circulatory system

Acute Myocardial Infarction (Ch.15)

A sudden heart attack

Plaque (Ch.15)

A deposit of cholesterol in an artery that can lead to cardiovascular diseases

Atherosclerosis (Ch.15)

Arterial damage and functional impairment that occurs gradually over many years as multiple plaque deposits develop and increase in size

C-reactive Protein (CRP) (Ch.15)

(CRP) A protein produced by the liver that is correlated with arterial plaque deposits

Statin Drugs (Ch.15)

Medications that reduce cholesterol levels and may reverse plaque buildup

Type A personality (Ch.15)

A person characterized by competitive striving for achievement, a sense of time urgency, and hostility or aggressiveness

Type B Personality (Ch.15)

A person thought to be less hurried, more laid back, less competitive, and less hostile

Type D Personality (Ch.15)

A person who exhibits a chronic pattern of emotional distress combined with a tendency to suppress negative emotions

Alcohol Use Disorder (Ch.15)

Physical and psychological dependence on alcohol

Health Disparities (Ch.15)

Differences in health that are linked to social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantages

Mortality Risk (Ch.15)

An increased risk of death

Selective Optimization with Compensations (Ch.15)

The process of balancing the gains and losses associated with aging

Creativity (Ch.15)

The ability to produce original, appropriate, and valuable ideas and/or solutions to problems

Divergent Thinking (Ch.15)

A thought process associated with creativity that can provide multiple solutions to problems that have no clear answer

Generativity (Ch.16)

A sense that one is making a valuable contribution to society by bringing up children or mentoring younger people in some way during middle adulthood

Career Consolidation (Vaillant)(Ch.16)

A stage in Vaillant’s model that involves the creation of a new social network for which the middle-aged adult’s primary work serves as a hub

Keeper of the Meaning (Vaillant) (Ch.16)

A stage in Vaillant’s model in which middle-aged adults focus on preserving the institutions and values of their culture that they believe will benefit future generations

Role Conflict (Ch.16)

Any situation in which 2 or more roles are at least partially incompatible, either because they call for different behaviors or because their separate demands add up to more hours than there are in a day.

Role Strain (Ch.16)

What a person experiences when her own qualities or skills do not measure up to the demands of some role

Life Events Approach (Ch.16)

A theoretical perspective on middle adulthood that focuses on normative and nonnormative events and how adults in this age group respond to them

Subjective Age (Ch.16)

The age with which an individual identifies

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (Ch.16)

Perspective that proposed individuals’ perceptions of time influence their selection of social goals

Positivity Resonance (Ch.16)

Partners’ shared positive emotional states

Multigenerational Caregivers (Sandwich Generation) (Ch.16)

(Sandwich Generation) Middle aged adults who provide assistance to their parents and adult children at the same time

Revolving Door (Ch.16)

A pattern in which young adults leave home and return 1 or more times before becoming fully independent

Caregiver Burden (Ch.16)

A term for the cumulative negative effects of caring for a person who is ill or has a disability

Openness (Ch.16)

A willingness to try new things

Neuroticism (Ch.16)

Emotional negativity, pessimism, and irritability

Agreeableness (Ch.16)

The ease with which a person gets along with others

Conscientiousness (Ch.16)

A need for order in the environment

Burnout (Ch.16)

Lack of energy, exhaustion, and pessimism that result from chronic stress

Demands-Resource Model (Ch.16)

Theoretical Perspective that hypothesizes that job related stress results from an imbalance between job demands and the resources available to employees to meet them

Involuntary Career Changes (Ch.16)

People who are in transition for external reasons, such as that their jobs have become obsolete, their jobs have been eliminated through organizational restructuring, or they have been laid off because of shifting economic conditions.

TLDR Ex.: Company shut factory down and fired all workers. External

Voluntary Career Changes (Ch.16)

Persons who leave one career to pursue another for a variety of internal reasons

Honeymoon-Hangover Effect (Ch.16)

People who experience high levels of satisfaction immediately after changing jobs, closely followed by feelings of regret over having left behind the parts of their former jobs that they enjoyed.

Bridge Jobs (Ch.16)

A job that allows a worker to transition from full-time work to full-time retirement over several years

Gerontologists (Ch.17)

Developmental scientists who study aging

Centenarian (Ch.17)

A person over 100 years of age

Healthspan (Ch.17)

The number of disease-free years a person lives

Integrated Care (Ch.17)

An approach to health care that involves coordination of health services across providers and sites

Intrinsic Capacity (Ch.17)

The abilities that are critical to daily functioning— locomotion, cognition, hearing, and vision

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) (Ch.17)

(ADLs) Self-help tasks such as bathing, dressing, and using the toilet

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) (Ch.17)

Intellectually demanding daily living tasks such as doing housework, cooking, and managing money

Oldest old (Ch.17)

Older adults ages 85 and over (Fastest growing of the US population)

Old Old (Ch.17)

Older adults from ages 75-85

Young old (Ch.17)

Older adults from ages 60-75

Disability (Ch.17)

A limitation in an individual’s ability to perform certain roles and tasks

Arthritis (Ch.17)

Inflammation in the joints that causes pain and stiffness

Synaptic Plasticity (Ch.17)

The redundancy in the nervous system that ensures that it is nearly always possible for a nerve impulse to move from 1 neuron to another or from a neuron to another type of cell (ex. a muscle cell)

Hayflick Limit (Ch.17)

The genetically programmed time limit to which each species is theoretically proposed to be subject, after which cells no longer have any capacity to replicate themselves accurately

TLDR: The limit on cell replication imposed by the shortening of telomeres with each division

Telomere (Ch.17)

A string of repetitive DNA at the tip of each chromosome in the body that appears to serve as a kind of timekeeping mechanism

Programmed Senescence Theory (Ch.17)

The view that age-related declines are the result of species-specific genes for aging

Senescence (Ch.17)

The gradual deterioration of body systems that happens as organisms age

Cross-linking (Ch.17)

The formation of undesirable bonds between proteins or fats

Collagen (Ch.17)

A protein that, with elastin, forms cross-linkages, either between their molecules or within a given molecule

Elastin (Ch.17)

A protein that, with collagen, forms cross-linkages, either between their molecules or within a given molecule

Free Radicals (Ch.17)

Molecules or atoms that possess an unpaired electron

Oxygen Free Radicals (Ch.17)

A subgroup of free radicals

Antioxidants (Ch.17)

A substance in some foods that inhibits the formation of free radicals that inhibits the formation of free radicals or promotes chemical processes that help the body defend against them

Terminal Decline Hypothesis (Ch.17)

The hypothesis that mental and physical functioning decline drastically only in the few years immediately preceding death

Satiety (Ch.17)

The feeling of fullness that follows a meal

Major Neurocognitive Disorders (Ch.17)

Disorders involving problems with memory and thinking that affect and individual’s emotional, social, and physical functioning

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) (Ch.17)

(AD) The most common and most severe of the major neurocognitive disorders (Dementia)

Neurofibrillary Tangles (Ch.17)

Stringy masses of tissue that appear to “clog” connections between neurons

Plaques (Ch.17)

A substance found in the brains of those with Alzheimer’s disease

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) (Ch.17)

(MCI) A cognitive disorder that includes a gradual decline in cognitive function along with low scores on standardized tests that may progress to Alzheimer’s disease

Age-Associated Cognitive Impairment (AACI) (Ch.17)

(AACI) A cognitive disorder that includes a gradual decline in cognitive function along with low scores on standardized tests

APOE e4 Genotype (Ch.17)

A genetic profile that is believed to be the hereditary component of AD

Chronic Neuronal Stress (Ch.17)

The process in which neurons respond to multiple stressors in an effort to maintain cellular functions

Vascular Dementia (Ch.17)

A form of dementia caused by 1 or more strokes

Dementia (Ch.17)

A general term for problems with memory and thinking

Forgetting bias (Ch.17)

The belief that forgotten information is unimportant

Prospective Memory Tasks (Ch.17)

Require individuals to remember to do something in the future

Retrospective Memory Tasks (Ch.17)

Recalling something in the past

Wisdom (Ch.17)

A cognitive characteristic that includes accumulated knowledge and the ability to apply that knowledge to practical problems of living, popularly thought to be more commonly found in older adults

Ego Integrity (Ch.18)

The feeling that one’s life has been worthwhile

Reminiscence (Ch.18)

Reflecting on past experience

Life Review (Ch.18)

An evaluative process in which elders make judgments about past behavior

Activity Theory (Ch.18)

The idea that it is normal and healthy for older adults to try to remain as active as possible for as long as possible

Disengagement Theory (Ch.18)

The theory that it is normal and healthy for older adults to scale down their social lives and to separate themselves from others to a certain degree

Continuity Theory (Ch.18)

The idea that older adults adapt lifelong interests and activities to the limitations imposed on them by physical aging