Intro to Pharmacology- Exam 1

What does “recognize cues” mean relating to the CJMM and pharm

Identify relevant medication-related data, such as: currentmeds and timing of last dose, VS,labs, assessment findings,reported symptoms or sideeffects.

What does “analyze cues” mean relating to the CJMM and pharm

Interpret how themedication’s pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics explain the patient’s findings.

What does “priorite hypothesis” mean relating to the CJMM and pharm

Determine the most likely or most urgent medication-related problem.

What does “generate solutions” mean relating to the CJMM and pharm

Identify appropriate nursing actions based on pharmacology knowledge.

What does “take action” mean relating to the CJMM and pharm

Safely implement the selected pharmacologicintervention(s).

What does “evaluate outcomes” mean relating to the CJMM and pharm

Assess the patient’s response to medication-related actions.

What does the “Chemical Name” of a drug mean

Drug’s chemical structure Ex: N-acetyl-para-aminophenol — the chemical name for acetaminophen (Tylenol). NURSING TIP: not used in clinical practice

What does the “Generic Name” of a drug mean

Official, nonproprietary namefor a drug

Example: propranolol

Nursing tip: Most commonlyused in nursing practice; Used on NCLEX and in documentation

What is a “Brand (trade)” Name

Chosen by the drugcompany and is usually aregistered trademark

Example: Inderal®

Nursing tip: One drug mayhave multiple brand names;often capitalized

A nurse recognizes that N-acetyl-para-aminophenol represents which type of medication name?

C. Chemical Name

Which medication name is classified as a generic name?

C. Ibuprofen

What does “over the counter” mean

Available without a prescription, Used for self-care of common conditions, Can still cause complications (side effects andadverse effects), May interact with prescription drugs, Dosage limits must be followed, You should always assess OTC use during medication history.

Describe the four processes of pharmacokinetics.

ADME: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Define absorption relating to PK

MOVEMENT OF DRUG INTO THE BLOODSTREAM

Affected by route, blood flow, GI function,food ⚬ Oral drugs undergo first-pass metabolism ⚬ Absorption methods include passive and active transport

Describe what bioavailability means relating to PK

AMOUNT OF DRUG REACHING CIRCULATION

What does first pass metabolism do to the bioavailability of a drug

reduces bioavailability

Most significantwith oral medications

What does distribution mean relating to PK

MOVEMENT OF DRUG FROM BLOOD TO TISSUES

⚬ Only free (unbound) drug is active

⚬ Easily distributed in highly perfused organs(liver, heart, kidneys)

⚬ Barriers: blood–brain barrier, placenta

What does metabolism mean relating to PK

PRIMARY SITE: LIVER

⚬ Drug is chemically changed

⚬ May activate prodrugs (active pharmacologic substance) or increase toxicity

What is “half life”

TIME FOR DRUG LEVEL TO DROP BY 50%

determines dosing frequency

What is steady state

when the amount of drug being administered is the same as the amount being eliminated) occurs after 3–5 half-lives

What is “excretion” relating to PK

REMOVAL OF DRUG FROM THE BODY

What is the primary route of excretion in the body

kidneys

where else does excretion occur

bile, lungs, saliva,sweat, breast milk

What is PK?

what the body does to the drug

What is PD

what the drug does to the body

potency

amount needed for effect

efficacy

maximum effect possible

THERAPEUTIC RANGE:

EFFECTIVE WITHOUT TOXICITY

Therapeutic index

compares effective vstoxic dose

ONSET

TIME IS TAKES FOR DRUG TO REACHMINIMUM EFFECTIVE CONCENTRATION (MEC)

PEAK

HIGHEST CONCENTRATION IN BLOOD

DURATION

LENGTH OF TIME DRUG EXERTS A THERAPEUTIC EFFECT

What are the four types of drug interactions

agonist, partial agonist, antagonist, non receptor

AGONISTS

ACTIVATE RECEPTORS; PRODUCE DESIRED RESPONSE

PARTIAL AGONISTS

ELICIT ONLY MODERATE ACTIVITY WHEN BINDING TO RECEPTORS

ANTAGONISTS

PREVENT RECEPTOR ACTIVATION;BLOCK RESPONSE

NON RECEPTORS

HAVE NO IMPACT ON RECEPTORS

What is a pharmacokinetic drug–drug interaction?

It occurs when one drug affects another drug’s absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion, altering its levels in the body.

What is a pharmacodynamic drug–drug interaction?

It happens when drugs interact at their site of action, producing additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects.

What is a combined effect drug–drug interaction?

It occurs when two drugs with similar therapeutic effects are taken together, increasing effectiveness or risk of toxicity.

A patient is prescribed Drug A and Drug B. The nurse knows that Drug A can alter the metabolism of Drug B in the liver. This is an example of which type of drug–drug interaction?

Pharmacokinetic interactions occur when one drug affects the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of another drug.

A patient takes two medications that both lower blood pressure. The nurse monitors for an excessive drop in blood pressure. This is an example of which type of drug–drug interaction?

Pharmacodynamic interactions occur when drugs interact at their site of action, producing additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects.

A patient is prescribed two medications that both increase bleeding risk. The nurse anticipates careful monitoring because this combination could result in:

Combined effects occur when drugs with similar therapeutic effects are taken together, increasing the risk of enhanced therapeutic effects or toxicity.

What are drug–nutrient interactions?

They occur when a drug affects the absorption, metabolism, or excretion of nutrients, or when nutrients affect the effectiveness or toxicity of a drug.

What are nursing implications of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics?

Nurses must monitor patient response, adjust doses, anticipate side effects, and educate patients based on how drugs act in the body.

A nurse is administering a medication and considers the patient’s liver function, age, and kidney function. This is because:

B – Pharmacokinetics involves absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion, which are influenced by liver, kidney, and age factors.