Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society

Flashcards covering key terms and concepts from the lecture on intellectual revolutions in science, technology, and society.

Intellectual Revolution

Refers to Greek speculation about the 'nature' in the pre-Socratic period; known as 'first philosophy'.

Scientific Revolution

A period that changed society's beliefs by advancements in science and technology, leading to paradigm shifts.

Copernican Revolution

Refers to Nicolaus Copernicus's challenge to geocentrism, proposing heliocentrism where the sun is the center of the solar system.

Geocentrism

The concept that the Earth is the center of the solar system, as proposed by Claudius Ptolemy.

Heliocentrism

The revolutionary model proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus that places the sun at the center of the solar system.

Theory of Evolution

Introduced by Charles Darwin, indicating that species evolve through natural selection, where only the fittest survive.

Psychoanalysis

A theory developed by Sigmund Freud to explain human behavior, focusing on conscious and unconscious factors.

Id, Ego, Superego

Freud's three components of personality; Id is the basic urge, Superego is the moral conscience, and Ego mediates between the two.

Mayan Calendar System

A complex system used by the Maya civilization for planning agricultural and religious events, involving the Tzolk'in and Haab'.

Aryabhata

An ancient Indian mathematician-astronomer known for his contributions to the place value system and trigonometry.

Al-Khwarizmi

An influential mathematician known as the father of algebra; introduced algorithms and made contributions to astronomy.

Hasan Ibn al-Haytham

An Arab mathematician and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age, regarded as the father of optics.