Kines Lab (Prelims)

Forearm

elbow joint (flexion, extension), radioulnar joint (pronation & supination)

Arm / Shoulder

·       glenohumeral joint (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, external rotation)

·       scapula protraction, retraction, elevation, and depression

Forearm mm involved

o   Flexion: biceps brachii (forearm supinated), brachialis (mid palm), brachioradialis & pronator teres (forearm pronated)

o   Extension: triceps brachii & anconeus

o   Supination: supinator & biceps brachii

o   Pronation: pronator teres & pronator quadratus

Shoulder mm. involved

o   Flexion: ant. Deltoid, pectoralis major, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii (4)

o   Extension: latissimus dorsi, teres major, pos. deltoid, triceps brachii (4)

o   Abduction: deltoid (middle fiber), supraspinatus, serratus ant., trapezius

o   Adduction: pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, coracobrachialis

o   Internal Rotation: subscapularis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major

o   External Rotation: infraspinatus, supraspinatus, pos. deltoid, teres minor

o   Scapular protraction: serratus ant., pectoralis minor, pectoralis major

o   Scapular retraction: rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, middle traps, lower traps

o   Scapular elevation: rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, upper traps, levator scapulae

o   Scapular depression: pectoralis minor, lower traps, subclavius, latissimus dorsi

Rationale

·       Palpation - helps identify areas of pain, tenderness, or inflammation, providing crucial information about the location and severity of tissue damage .

·       Range of Motion - determines the flexibility and mobility of a joint, providing insights into potential restrictions affecting function.

·       Manual Muscle Testing - evaluates muscle strength to identify weakness or imbalances.

Palpation

a.       Soft End Feel – yielding sensation due to soft tissue approximation (ex: elbow flexion comes into contact w/ upper arm)

b.       Firm End Feel – mm. is firm & well-defined w/ noticeable tension; tenderness upon palpation (ex: shoulder abduction / forearm supination, resistance is felt from mm. & ligaments)

c.       Hard End Feel – hard stop to movement due to bone-on-bone contact (ex: elbow extension)

Range of Motion (ACTIVE ROM)

a.       Elbow flexion – 150

b.       Elbow extension – 0

c.       Forearm Pronation & Supination – 80

d.       Shoulder Flexion – 180

e.       Shoulder Extension – 60

f.        Shoulder Abduction – 180

g.       Shoulder adduction – 75

h.       Shoulder internal rotation – 70 to 90

i.         Shoulder external rotation – 90 to 100

j.         Scapular protraction, retraction, elevation, depression – 30

Elbow flexion & extension

-          Fulcrum: lat. epicondyle of humerus

-          Prox arm: midline of humerus

Dist arm: lat. midline of radius

Elbow pronation & supination

-          Fulcrum: lat. & proximanl to ulnar styloid process

-          Prox arm: parallel to ant. midline of humerus

Dist arm: lat. midline of radius: across dorsal aspect of forearm

a.       Shoulder flexion & extension

-          Fulcrum: greater tubercle of humerus

-          Prox arm: along lat. midline of thorax

-          Dist arm: along lat. midline of humerus

a.       Shoulder abduction & adduction

-          Fulcrum: ant. aspect of acromion process

-          Prox arm: along midline of sternum  

-          Dist arm: along midline of humerus  

a.       Shoulder internal & external rotation

-          Fulcrum: olecranon process of ulna

-          Prox arm: perpendicular to floor   

-          Dist arm: along midline of ulna (nasa humerus)