Nutrition Minerals

Phosphorus Functions

Bone structure, DNA/RNA, energy metabolism (ATP), component of phospolipids

Phosphorus Sources

Grain, Bran, mono- or dicalcium phosphate

Phosphorus Deficiency

rickets, osteomalacia, poor fertility, pica

Phosphorus Toxicity

Big head disease, urinary calculi, reduced Ca absorption

Ideal Ca:P ratio

1:1 to 2:1

Magnesium Sources

grains, oilseed meals, grass, Mg oxide, Mg sulfate

Magnesium Deficiency

Hyperirritability, convulsions, death

Magnesium Toxicity

May inhibit Ca absorption

Grass Tetany Cause?

Low blood Mg. Lush pastures high in K which decreases Mg

Grass Tetany Symptom?

intermittent muscle cramping

Sulfur Sources

Dietary protein and sodium sulfate

Sulfur Deficiency

decreased growth. more common in sheep: wool loss

In which animal is a sulfur deficiency common?

sheep

Sulfur Toxicity

decreased Cu absorption and polioencephalomalacia

Trace Minerals

Copper, Iron, Selenium, Zinc, Manganese, Molybdenum, Iodine, Cobalt

Copper Functions

Fe absorption and transport, enzyme systems, hair/wool pigmentation, collagen and elastin formation, immune function

Copper Sources

varies in feed and copper sulfate

Copper Deficiency

Anemia, cardiovascular, bone, CNS disorders, decreased immune function, lack of pigmentation

Copper Toxicity

ruminants (esp. sheep) are sensitive to liver failure and RBC lysis

Which animal/animals are most sensitive to copper toxicity?

ruminants, mainly sheep

Zinc Functions

component of enzymes (RNA/DNA), hormone production and secretion, protein synthesis, immune function

Zinc Sources

varies in feed, zinc sulfate, zinc oxide, chelated forms

Zinc Deficiency

decreased growth, production, and immunity. Parakeratosis

Zinc Toxicity

decreased Cu and Ca absorption

Manganese Sources

feed varies- supplementation common

Manganese Deficiency

decreased growth and reproduction and bone abnormalities

Manganese Toxicity

Wide safety margin

Molybdenum Deficiency (in chicks)

decreased growth, xanthine oxidase activity

Molybdenum Toxicity

toxic to birds, sheep, cattle. can mimic Cu deficiency. Diarrhea and weight loss

Iron Functions

oxygen transport, electron transport, enzyme cofactor

Iron Sources

forages and dirt

Iron Deficiency

common in humans, young, confined animals (esp pigs). Anemia and decreased immune function

Iron Toxicity

hemochromatosis and decreased absorption of other minerals

Selenium Functions

antioxidant, immune function, thyroid hormone synthesis

Selenium Sources

geographic variation and seleno-methionine, sodium selenite, Se- enriched yeast

Selenium Deficiency

white muscle disease, exudative diathesis, decreased immune function

Selenium Toxicity

alkali disease, liver/brain damage, blind staggers

Iodide Sources

low in most feeds, kelp, iodized salt

Iodide Deficiency

goiter, birth defects (hairless/weak young)

Iodide Toxicity

also goiter

Iodide goitrogens

kale, cabbage, rapeseed, soybeans, peas, flax

What are the Macro Minerals

Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl, S

Calcium Functions

Skeleton and teeth (99% located in bones and teeth), muscle contraction, nerve impulses, blood clotting, eggshell production