Biol 225 (A&P) - Joints - Dr. Steele

Synarthrotic

This term is used to describe the degree of movement possible at joints that have no movement. Bones are joined close together without the ability to move

Amphiarthrotic

This term is used to describe the degree of movement possible at joints where there is some/very little movement. Not a very mobile joint, but its mobility is between a completely immobile joint and a joint with freedom of motion

Diarthrotic

This term describes the degree of movement of joints with freedom of motion

Dense fibrous connective tissue

Characteristics of this tissue associated with the joints are that it includes many collagen fibers and make up joints between bones in close contact

Areolar (loose) connective tissue

Characteristics of this tissue associated with the joints are that it makes up the inner layer of the synovial joint capsule and is shiny and vascular. It is only a few cells thick and covers all of the surfaces within the joint capsule except those areas covered by articular cartilage. Secretes synovial fluid and may store fat adipose tissue

Fibrocartilage

Characteristics of this tissue associated with the joints are that it has a lot of collagen fibers with great amounts of ground substance, also has chondrocytes inside of the lacunae. Collagen is found in between chondrocytes and aligns them. This tissue has more resistance and is found at more weight bearing areas

Hyaline cartilage

Characteristics of this tissue associated with the joints are that it does not contain as much collagen as fibrocartilage, so chondrocytes and lacunae are spread out, and there are lots of transparent fibers in the matrix

Syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis

What are the three types of fibrous joints? they have very limited movement and are either synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic

Syndesmosis

This type of fibrous joint is a band of connective fibrous tissue that connects bones closely together with very little motion. It is made of dense fibrous connective tissue that contains collagen (this is why it cannot stretch). Its degree of movement is described as amphiarthrotic, and it is found in the upper ankle

Syndesmosis

The structure of this fibrous joint is a band of connective fibrous tissue that connects bones with very little motion. Made of dense fibrous tissue that contains collagen

The upper ankle

What is an example of a syndesmosis fibrous join?

Amphiarthrotic

What is the degree of movement possible for a syndesmosis fibrous joint?

Suture

This type of fibrous joint is made of dense fibrous connective tissue and joins jagged bones together. Its degree of movement is described as synarthrotic, and it is found in the skull

Suture

The structure of what fibrous joint consists of dense fibrous connective tissue joining jagged bones together?

Synarthrotic

What is the degree of movement of a suture fibrous joint?

Joints connecting bones in the skull

What is an example of a suture fibrous joint?

Gomphosis

This type of fibrous joint is made of dense fibrous connective tissue and binds a cone-shaped bony process to a bony socket. Its degree of movement is synarthrotic, and it is found in the teeth where the root of the tooth is attached to the mandible (bone) by a periodontal ligament

Gomphosis

The structure of this fibrous joint consists of dense fibrous connective tissue that binds a cone-shaped bony process to a bony socket

Synarthrotic

What is the degree of movement in gomphosis fibrous joints?

Synarthrotic

What is the degree of movement possible for a gomphosis fibrous joint?

In the teeth where the root of the tooth is attached to the mandible (bone) by a periodontal ligament

Where are gomphosis fibrous joints found?

Synchondrosis and symphysis

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints discussed? They have very little movement and are either synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic

Synchondrosis

This type of cartilaginous joint is a single, solid block of cartilage that connects bones. Has bands of hyaline cartilage uniting bones, and its degree of movement is synarthrotic. It is found in the first rib and its connection (with hyaline cartilage) to the most superior portion of the sternum. This type also classifies epiphyseal plates

Synchondrosis

This cartilaginous joint has a structure described as one solid block of cartilage connecting bones. Contains bands of hyaline cartilage

Synarthrotic

What is the degree of movement possible for a synchondrosis cartilaginous joint?

In the first rib and its connection to the most superior portion of the sternum. Epiphyseal plates are also classified by synchondrosis

Where would you find a synchondrosis cartilaginous joint?

Symphysis

This type of cartilaginous joint is a pad made of fibrocartilage that connects bones and has some flexibility. It has little movement and supports lots of weight, and it is found holding the bones of the pelvic region together as well as making up vertebral discs

Symphisis

The structure of this type of cartilaginous joint is described as a pad made of fibrocartilage which connects bones and has some flexibility

Amphiarthrotic and support a lot of weight

What is the degree of movement of symphysis cartilaginous joints?

Holding the bones of the pelvic region together. Also make up the vertebral discs

Where would you find a symphysis cartilaginous joint?

Diarthrotic

What degree of movement describes all synovial joints?

1. Contains articular (hyaline) cartilage

2. Has a joint capsule enclosing the cavity

3. The joint cavity contains synovial fluid

Describe the general structure of a synovial joint

Contains articular (hyaline cartilage)

This part of the general structure of a synovial joint makes up the two sections of cartilage that do not directly attach bones, one on each end of the bone and are remnants of endochondral ossification. The space between this is filled with fluid

Has a joint capsule enclosing the cavity

This part of the general structure of a synovial joint is made up of dense fibrous tissue and creates this to surround the outside of the joint, keeping the fluid contents inside (the synovial membrane produces fluid)

The joint cavity contains synovial fluid

This part of the general structure of a synovial joint fills the space in the joint between bones and their cartilage. Synovial membranes, made up of areolar (loose) connective tissue) has cells that secrete this which fills the joint cavity. This provides a wider range of motion and limits wear and tear

Uniaxial

This type of movement possible at synovial joints is described as movement in only one plane - e.g. elbow

Biaxial

This type of movement possible at synovial joints is described as movement in two planes - e.g. base of the fingers

Multiaxial (triaxial)

This type of movement possible at synovial joints is described as being able to move in different directions, i.e. all three planes (up/down, front/back, around/rotate)

Ball-and-socket joints

This type of synovial joint is multiaxial (all 3 planes) and are only seen in the shoulders and hips. It consists of a bone with a globular or slightly egg-shaped head that articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone. The hip socket is an entirely bony structure, and the shoulder socket contains muscle and cartilage (labrum) (shoulder socket is predominantly soft tissue and is the most mobile and least stable)

Ball-and-socket joint

The structure of this bone consists of a bone with a globular or slightly egg-shaped head that articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone

Hips and shoulders

What are the only two examples of ball-and-socket joints?

Multiaxial/triaxial movement - movement in all three planes

What type of movement is possible for ball-and-socket joints?

Condylar (ellipsoid) joints

This type of synovial joint is biaxial (moves in 2 planes) and cannot rotate. It is formed when an ovoid condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another bone. It issued in the joints between metacarpals and phalanges

Condylar (ellipsoid) joints

The structure of this synovial joint is formed when the ovoid condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another bone

The joints between metacarpals and phalanges

Where would you find condylar (ellipsoid joints)?

Biaxial - movement in 2 planes

What type of movement is present in condylar (ellipsoid) joints?

Plane (gliding) joint

This synovial joint is multiaxial and is basically a flat surface that can move in 3 planes but does not travel very far. IT is the most common joint in the body and is seen in the wrist, ankle, ribs, and vertebrae. They do not move by themselves, but together

Plane (gliding) joint

This synovial joint has a structure described as a basically flat surface that can move in 3 planes but does not travel very far

Multiaxial - movement in 3 planes but does not travel very far. Some may be considered non-axial, however

What type of movement is possible in plane (gliding) joints?

The bones of the wrist, ankle, ribs, and vertebrae. Each vertebra has 2 plane joints above and below while ribs have one in the front and back

Where would you find plane (gliding) joints?

Hinge joints

This synovial joint is uniaxial and moves by flexion and extension. It is the convex surface of one bone that fits into the concave surface of another. It is seen in the elbow, fingers, and toes

Hinge joint

The structure of this synovial joint is described as a convex surface of one bone fitting in to the concave surface of another

Uniaxial - movement in one plane (flexion and extension)

What type of movement is possible in hinge joints?

The elbow, fingers, and toes

Where would you find hinge joints?

Pivot joint

This synovial joint is uniaxial, moving in one plane and only rotates/pivots. Seen between the skull and the first 2 vertebrae. Made when the cylindrical surface of one bone rotates in a ring formed of bone and a ligament

Pivot joint

This synovial joint's structure is described as when a cylindrical surface of one bone rotates in a ring formed of bone and a ligament

Uniaxial - movement in one plane. Only rotates/pivots

What type of movement is possible in a pivot joint?

Between the skull and the first 2 vertebrae

Where would you find a pivot joint?

Saddle joint

This synovial joint is biaxial and flexes/extends and adducts/abducts. It is only recognized in the thumb and is formed between bones whose articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions. The surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of the other

Saddle joint

The structure of this synovial joint is described as forming between bones whose articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions. The surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of the other

Biaxial - flexes/extends and adducts/abducts

What type of movement is possible in saddle joints?

The thumb

Where is the only place that saddle joints are recognized?

Flexion

Type of joint movement when bending

Extension

Type of joint movement when straightening

Hyperextension

Type of joint movement when a limb is straightened past what is normal in anatomical position

Abduction

Type of joint movement when something moves away from the midline

Adduction

Type of joint movement when something moves towards the midline

Circumduction

Type of joint movement when the distal end is moving around the point of attachment in a circle. Made up of very small flexions and abductions

Rotation

Type of joint movement when something moves/rotates around an axis

Supination

Type of joint movement when the hand is rotated so that the palm faces upwards

Pronation

Type of joint movement when the hand is rotated so that the palm is facing downwards

Eversion

Type of joint movement where the ankle moves outward ("abduction")

Inversion

Type of joint movement where the ankle moves inward ("adduction")

Dorsiflexion

Type of joint movement seen when the foot is angled up

Plantar flexion

Type of joint movement seen when the foot is angled down

Protraction

Type of joint movement seen when pushing the jaw forward

Retraction

Type of joint movement seen when pulling the jaw back

Elevation

Type of joint movement observed when the shoulder blades are raised up - raising up

Depression

Type of joint movement observed when the shoulder blades are lowered - lowering of