1- Anatomical Position, Cardinal Planes, & Introduction to Osteology

anatomical position

standing upright, with arms at side and palms facing forward. Legs straight, toes pointed forward

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

frontal (coronal) plane- divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

transverse (horizontal) plane

divides the body into upper and lower parts

flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion

motions that occur in the sagittal plane

abduction, adduction, radial deviation, ulnar deviation

Motions that occur in the frontal (coronal) plane

internal rotation, external rotation, horizontal abduction, horizontal adduction, inversion, eversion

Motions that occur in the transverse (horizontal plane)

angle

-sharp bony angulation

-may serve as body or soft tissue attachments

-used for precise anatomical description

condyle- large round prominence that provides structural support

epicondyle

-prominence superior to a condyle

-attachment for muscles and connective tissues

crest (ridge)

-bone edge's raised or prominent part

-Attachment site for muscle and connective tissue

epiphysis

End of a long bone

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

facet

smooth, flat surface that glides with another flat bone or facet

foramen

hole through which nerves and blood vessels pass

fossa

shallow depression on a bone surface

fovea

small pit/ depression

groove/sulcus

furrow on the bone surface that houses blood vessels or nerves for protection

head

round, prominent bony extension; main articulating surface in ball-and-socket joints

neck

separates head from bone shaft

an old epiphyseal plate is a _______

anatomical neck

surgical neck

distal to anatomical neck

line

slight, elongated ridge

meatus

-tube-like channel that extends within a bone

-provides passage and protection for nerves and vessels

notch

bony depression that often stabilizes an adjacent bone

process

raised, sharp bony elevation where muscles and connective tissue attach

protuberance

bony projection

ramus

curved part of a bone that gives support to the rest of the bone

spine

sharp process

trochanter

large prominence on one side of a bone where large muscle groups and connective tissue attach

tuberosity

moderately-sized prominence where muscles and connective tissue attach; function similarly to trochanters

tubercle

small, rounded prominence where connective tissues attach