HISTORY | 2nd trimester

Reform war. Causes and consequences

Civil war in Mexico that started because of the constitution of 1857 between liberals (Benito Juarez) and conservatives who wanted to maintain the church and army privileges. Liberals won and Mexico became a secular government.

Write the most important changes in the reform laws

Church and army trials are abolished and now everyone gets civic trials. Separation of church and state. Secular free basic education.

Who was Maximillian of Hapsburg? what did he do for Mexico?

Austrian noble that was sent by Napoleon III and was accepted by the conservatives who wanted a monarchy but he was liberal. He wanted to talk to Benito Juarez but he didn’t. He was killed in Cerro de las Campanas.

Explain the battle of Puebla

Battle of 5 of may between Republic army and France and conservatives. Republic army won led by general Porfirio Díaz.

Write 3 important facts of restored republic

Obligatory shcolarity for everyone. Foundation of public universities. Instituted judicial system. Development of arts. He wanted to cede Mexican territory and discriminated indigenous.

5 positive facts of the Porfiriato

• Modernized the country

• Stabilizes economy

• Brings many industries to Mexico

• European architecture

• Strengthens institutions

5 negative facts of the Porfiriato

• Tiendas de raya

• Oppression of press

• Political repression

• Social inequality

• Dictatorship
  

Explain imperialism

The idea of the expansion, domination and subordination of a nation over others.

Ethnocentrism and its consequences

The idea that one culture is superior to another and must establish its superiority over others. It led to colonialism and racism.

Tiendas de raya

Voucher based stores for basic necessities, where hacienda and factory workers were forced to buy at excessive prizes (because they were paid in vouchers), being in debt for life.

Causes of the decline of the Porfiriato and the beginning of the Mexican Revolution

Magon Brothers journalism, concentration of land and wealth by the elite, dictatorship with no political succession, brutal repression of strikes, poverty for most of the population and social inequality.

Who were the Magon brothers?

Intellectual and academic activists that published the magazine Regeneración, which was key in the revolution because it criticized the current political system and promoted the main ideals of the revolution.

Serdán Brothers in the beginning of the revolution. 

They were a wealthy family that was part of the Maderista movement in Puebla. They gathered a very large arsenal in their home, but were discovered by police and led to the first battle of the revolution. The police raided their home and became martyrs of the revolution. This fueled public outrage and led to more support of the revolution.

Francisco I. Madero 

Came from a wealthy family and became the central figure and leader of the initial phase of the Mexican Revolution. Became known as the Apostle of Democracy. Successfully overthrew Díaz but he wanted to change the system by peaceful means, which the other revolutionaries didn’t like. Was betrayed and killed by his general. 

Pancho Villa 

Considered Centaur of the North. He started his first uprising at a young age against landowners in his natal town. He became a great governor of Coahuila. He amassed a great army that was very strong known as Divisón del Norte. He could be very brutal but also very merciful. He made a massacre in United States after it recognized his opponent as president. An american film was made about him and he was recorded.

Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary of the south whose main goal was to return lands to the peasants and indigenous. His army (Ejercito Libertador) was made of peasants-soilders that fought when needed and then returned to their fields. This made them hard to detect. Joined forces with Pancho Villa against Venustiano. He refused to sit on presidential chair unlike Villa. Killed in a trap in an hacienda.