Blood full review

Leukocytes, plasma proteins and other molecules of the immune system protect against..

pathogens

Platelets

protects against blood loss by forming clots

Blood regulates body temperature by absorbing and releasing heat through…

blood vessels and body cells

Blood absorbs acids and bases from body cells to regulate

pH

Bloods color depends on the degree of its

oxygenation

The average adult has around ____ L of blood

5

Blood is ___ degree warmer than body temperature

1

A normal blood pH rests between

7.35 and 7.45

‘Formed Elements’ of blood refer to

the cells of blood

Blood Plasma

fluid portion of blood

contains plasma proteins and dissolved solutes

Leukocytes

white blood cells

defend against pathogens

Erythrocytes

red blood cells

transport respiratory gases in the blood

Plasma is around ___ % of a blood sample

55

Buffy coat

composed of leukocytes and platelets

Erythrocytes make up around ____% of a blood sample

44

Hematocrit

% of RBC in blood

divide total volume of blood by amount of RBC

Normal hematocrit for males

42-56%

Normal hematocrit for females

38-46%

Blood plasma is composed of

Water

Plasma proteins

Dissolved molecules and ions

Hepatocytes and leukocytes

the cells plasma proteins are made by

Albumins

transporter for lipids, hormones and ions. osmotic pressure

Most abundant plasma protein

Globulins

immunity/transportation

Fibrinogen

Plasma protein that contributes to blood clot formation

Regulatory proteins

plasma proteins that include enzymes and hormones

Blood plasma _____ contain cells

does not

Hematopoiesis

the name for the production of all formed elements of blood

Red bone marrow produces

All formed elements of blood

The spleen, lymph nodes and thymus produce

white blood cells

Hemocytoblasts

blood stem cells

how we get the different types of blood cells

What line produces only lymphocytes and NK-cells

Lymphoid line

What line forms erythrocytes, leukocytes (except lymphocytes) and NK-cells

myeloid line

Erythrocytes do not contain a

nucleus

The key carrier protein in RBCs

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin

transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in RBCs

In RBCs oxygen binds to

iron

in RBCs carbon dioxide binds to

globin protein

Each hemoglobin molecule contains

4 globins

When a hemoglobin has 4 oxygen molecules it is saturated

1 hemoglobin =

4 globins, 4 irons and 4 oxygens

Erythropoietin

hormone in the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production

stimulated by low oxygen levels or testosterone

an erythrocyte is a

red blood cell

The maximum life span of an erythrocte is

120 days. old erythrocytes are phagocytized and reused in the body.

Anemia

the percentage of erythrocytes is lower than normal

OR the oxygen-carrying capacity of them is reduced.

Blood types depend on

Surface antigens

Type A blood has

A-antigen

Type A blood makes

B-antibodies

Type B blood has

B-antigens

Type B blood makes

A-antibodies

Type AB blood has

both A and B antigens

Type AB blood has

No antibodies

Type O blood has

No antigens

Type O blood makes

both A and B antibodies

D-antigen

Rh factor

Determines if blood type is positive or negative

Transfusion Reaction

Agglutination occurs

Blood clumps together because of incorrect match

Hemolysis

the rupture of erythrocytes

Hemolytic disease of newborns

Rh negative mom is exposed to Rh positive blood during childbirth

Polycythemia

a too high level of RBCs

Leukocytes contain

a nucleus and organelles

Diapedesis

the process of leukocytes squeezing through the blood vessel wall to attend to injuries

Chemotaxis

the attraction of leukocytes to infection/injury sites

Granulocytes

has visible granules

Granulocytes end in the suffix

-phils

Agranulocytes

have small granules that are not visible

Lymphocytes and monocytes are

agranulocytes

The two types of leukocytes are

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

Neutrophils

the most numerous leukocyte

eats bacteria

Eosinophils

eats parasites/allergies

Basophils

Causes histamine release (allergy symptoms)

T-lymphocytes

manage immune response

B-lymphocytes

become plasma cells

produce antibodies

NK-cells

attack abnormal and infected tissue and cells

Monocytes

Phagocytize bacteria, viruses and debris

Differential count

measures the amount of each type of leukocyte in the body, and determines whether any are immature

exclusive to white blood cells

Leukopenia

reduced number of leukoytes

increased risk of infection

Leukocytosis

elevated leukocyte count

caused by infection, stress or leukemia

Neutrophilia

increase in neutrophils

caused by bacterial infections and tissue necrosis

Neutropenia

decreased neutrophil count

Lymphocytosis

increase in lymphocytes

caused by viral infections

Platelets are also known as

thrombocytes

Platelets form by

breaking of of megakaryocytes in red marrow

Thrombopoiesis

the name for the production of megakaryocytes = platelets

Megakaryocytes

extend through the BV wall into the blood stream

blood flows slices fragments of the megakaryocyte, becoming platelets

Platelets ____ have a nuclei

do not

Hemostatis

the stoppage of bleeding

Vascular spasm

Blood vessel constriction as a result of injury

limits blood leakage / loss

Platelet plug

Platelets stick to damaged collagen fibers in the vessel wall

platelets aggregate and close off the injury

Platelets can stick to the collagen in a blood vessel wall with the help of

von Willebrand factor

Coagulation

network of fibrin forms a mesh

fibrin comes from fibrinogen

traps formed elements of blood to form clot

Blood clotting requires

calcium

clotting factors

platelets

vitamin K

Proenzyme

the inactive form of an enzyme

When a significant % of blood is lost in the body vessels constrict and blood is redistributed to

the heart and brain

Clot retraction

actinomyosin contracts, making a blood clot smaller

Fibrinolysis

the degradation of fibrin strands by plasmin

Hemophilias are also called

bleeding disorders

Thrombocytopenia

the name for platelet deficiency

Thrombosis

a clot blocks the vessel where it was formed

Embolism

clot breaks away and blocks vessel, can cause a stroke

Ischemic strokes

blockage of an artery in the brain