Metabolism and Nutrition

A well-balanced diet requires the ingestion of macronutrients such as

water, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

What does it mean if a nutrient is considered essential?

The term “essential” means that it is required or must be consumed as the body cannot synthesize it. Essential nutrients are required for a healthy diet.

Enzymes are primarily made of which macromolecule?

proteins

A nutrient is

any ingested chemical/macromolecule that is absorbed by the body.

A non-essential nutrient can be

synthesized by the body if not consumed.

What occurs when a person consumes more protein than is excreted?

Positive protein balance and it is used for growth and development, as is the case in children, pregnant women, and athletes. 

Which vitamin is needed for bone development and can be found as an additive in milk?​​

Vitamin D/calcitriol​

Which vitamin is water-soluble?

The water-soluble vitamins consist of the B vitamins and vitamin C.

Who would you expect to be in a state of negative nitrogen balance?​

A client with muscle atrophy​

In the absorptive state, additional glucose consumed will be​ 

stored for later

When glucose is low, what is one way it can be formed in the human body?

Breaking down glycogen​

Which cellular organelle can produce the most adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

Mitochondria

In which cellular area does Krebs cycle take place?

Mitochondrial matrix​

There is a large amount of ATP available, and a large amount of glucose. What process will most likely occur under these circumstances?

Glycogenesis​

Which are part of anaerobic respiration?

Glycolysis

Fermentation

Which pathway will store glucose for later use?​

Glycogenesis

macronutrients in the order they will be catabolized in the absorptive (feast) state.

Carbohydrates

Lipids/Fats

Proteins

The catabolism of which molecules may result in the production of keto acids?

Fats

Proteins

What process produces most of the NADH that contributes to ATP synthesis in the cell?​

Citric acid cycle​

Which pathway in carbohydrate metabolism is the most useful at generating non-essential amino acids for protein synthesis?​

Krebs cycle​

Which is released by all chemical reactions in the body, regardless of whether they are catabolic or anabolic?

Heat

Which hormones are associated with stress?

Epinephrine

Cortisol

Which hormones can induce lipolysis in the body?

Epinephrine

Cortisol

Glucagon

Liver

The metabolic hub of the body for carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids​​

Adipose tissue

Acts to absorb, store, and release triglycerides​​

Skeletal muscle

Contains most of the body’s stores of glycogen​

Proteins and carbohydrates

yield about 4 kilocalories per gram (kcal/g) when completely oxidized

fats

yield about 9 kcal/g.​

Which outcome measure would be used to determine one's metabolic rate?

Basal metabolic rate

Increases Metabolic Rate

Stress

Physical activity

Decreases Metabolic Rate

Aging

Depression

What is a physiological mechanism for achieving moderate heat loss?​

Cutaneous vasodilation​

When should the basal metabolic rate (BMR) be measured?​

When a person first rises in the morning​

Which factors affect metabolic rate?

Absorptive/postabsorptive state​

Physical activity​

External temperature​

Mental state​

Which metabolic processes are stimulated in the presence of insulin?

Lipogenesis

Glycolysis

Glycogenesis

Which lipoproteins are ideal for the transport of triglycerides to adipose tissue and to aid in storage of these triglycerides?

Very-low-density lipoproteins

Which term refers to an excess of glucose in the bloodstream?

Hyperglycemia

Which hormone would result in a net decrease of glucose in the blood plasma?

Insulin

Which vein is responsible for the delivery of nutrient-rich but oxygen-poor blood to the hepatocytes?

Hepatic portal vein

What is the primary method of transport of glucose into most body cells?

Facilitated diffusion

Which organ would be directly affected by cirrhosis?

Liver

Both metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis​ will

decrease the speed of metabolic enzymes​

Which result would occur for cirrhosis, diabetes, and metabolic acidosis/alkalosis?​

A decrease in catabolic activity

Type 1 Diabetes

It is due predominantly to autoimmune disease.

The primary treatment is insulin injections.

Type 2 Diabetes

The primary treatment includes dietary changes.

It is due predominantly to age and environmental factors.

A 62-year-old client is admitted with Type 2 diabetes and asks you what “Type 2” means. Which would be the most appropriate response to give?

“With Type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion is decreased, and insulin resistance is increased.”

You are evaluating a 40-year-old client diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. Which symptom would be considered one of the classic clinical manifestations of this condition?​

Excessive thirst

A 19-year-old client has come to the clinic with hypoglycemia and tingling in their fingertips. The doctor determines that insulin administration would be appropriate and that a portable blood glucose monitor should be utilized to track their glycemic levels. Assuming that the client is NOT pregnant, which of the following conditions do they likely have?

Type 1 diabetes

While caring for a pregnant client, the client asks why they need to be tested for diabetes when they have no personal family history of any diabetes. Which of the following hormones would this client be resistant to?

Insulin