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Alkaline metals
Group 1 elements on the periodic table
Alkaline earth metals
Group 2 elements on the periodic table
Halogens
Group 7 elements on the periodic table
Noble gases
Group 8 elements on the periodic table with full outer shells
Transition metals
Elements in the middle chunk of the periodic table
Group 8
Elements on the far right-hand side of the periodic table
Full outer shell
Characteristic of noble gases, making them unreactive
Uses of noble gases
Helium in balloons and neon lights
Halogens
Nonmetals that go around as diatomic molecules
Reactivity of halogens
Highly reactive, wanting to gain one electron
Boiling point of halogens
Changes as you move down the group
Halogens and group one metals
Halogens react violently and rapidly with group one metals
Displacement reactions
More reactive element displaces a less reactive element
Uses of halogens
Mostly used for sterilizing things
Reactivity of halogens
Most reactive at the top due to least shielding
Alkali metals
React violently with water
Uses of alkali metals
Produce flames and different colors, used in fireworks
Storage of alkali metals
Kept in oil to prevent reaction with oxygen or water
Reaction of alkali metals with oxygen
Forms metal oxide
Reaction of alkali metals with water
Forms metal hydroxide, releasing heat and hydrogen gas
Reactivity of alkali metals
Highest at the bottom and lowest at the top
Shielding and reactivity
Alkali metals at the bottom are the most reactive due to more shielding
Measuring the rate of reaction
Using units such as cm³/min or g/s
Graphs for rate of reaction
Volume of carbon dioxide produced and mass lost
Finding rate at a specific point
Drawing a tangent line on the graph and calculating its gradient
Variation in rate of reaction
Different points in the reaction have steep or shallow tangents
Color change in reaction
Indicates rate of reaction, from clear to opaque
Safety precautions in reactions
Avoiding contamination, temperature control, and hand protection
Gas collection in reactions
Using an inverted measuring cylinder and delivery tube
Factors affecting rate of reaction
Size of reactant particles and temperature
Dissolution of sugar cubes
Demonstrates effect of temperature on rate of reaction
Rate of reaction and temperature
Faster at higher temperatures due to increased particle energy and movement
Surface area and rate of reaction
Larger surface area leads to more available particles for reaction
Pressure or concentration and rate of reaction
Higher pressure or concentration increases likelihood of successful collisions
Catalysts
Lower activation energy of a reaction
Endothermic reactions
Absorb energy and feel colder
Exothermic reactions
Release energy and feel hotter
Calculating energy change in reaction
Considering bond energy breaking and making
Balanced equations
Necessary to calculate energy change in a reaction
Balancing a chemical equation
Ensuring equal number of atoms on both sides
Drawing a balanced equation
Using coefficients to represent the number of each molecule
Notation of bonds in equation
Representing bonds between atoms
Bond energies
Given in the exam to calculate energy of reactants and products
Calculating energy change
Multiplying bond energies by number of bonds and subtracting products from reactants
Negative sign in energy change
Indicates exothermic reaction
Crude oil
Mixture of different length hydrocarbons
Fractional distillation
Separating crude oil into different components based on boiling points
Flammability of hydrocarbons
Short hydrocarbons are more flammable, long hydrocarbons are more viscous
Cracking of hydrocarbons
Using heat and catalyst to break long hydrocarbons into short alkanes and alkenes
Complete combustion of hydrocarbon
Involves lots of oxygen, produces water and carbon dioxide
Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon
Insufficient oxygen, produces water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and carbon
Dangers of carbon monoxide
Highly toxic and suffocating
Greenhouse gases
Carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane
Global warming
Effects include melting ice caps, increased flooding, rising sea levels
Impact of global warming
Climate change, shifting habitats and food sources
Carbon footprint
Measure of carbon emissions from daily activities
Factors affecting carbon footprint
Transportation mode, food choices, human activities
Contributions to carbon dioxide production
Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, reliance on petrol cars
Predictions for increasing carbon dioxide levels
Leading to global warming
Sulfur dioxide
Major pollutant that dissolves in clouds and causes acid rain
Effects of acid rain
Negative effects on animals, plants, and structures like limestone statues
Carbon in the air
Leads to smog and global dimming
Water vapor
Contributes to global warming
Carbon monoxide
Toxic gas
Nitrogen oxides
Contribute to smog and acid rain
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons with single bonds only
General formula for alkanes
Cn H2n+2
Examples of alkanes
Methane, ethane, propane, butane
Alkenes
Hydrocarbons with a double bond
General formula for alkenes
Cn H2n
Examples of alkenes
Ethene, propene, butene, pentene
Testing alkenes
Using bromine water, which turns from orange to colorless
Pentane
Complete combustion of hydrocarbon with lots of oxygen
Incomplete combustion of pentane
Produces carbon monoxide, highly toxic and suffocating
Carbon in incomplete combustion
Creates black soot
Condensation polymerization
Adding monomers together, losing a water molecule
Functional groups in condensation polymerization
Present at opposite ends of amino acids
Thermosetting polymers
Have cross-links, slide past each other upon heating
Thermosoftening polymers
Cannot slide past each other, melt instead
Structured DNA
Double helix structure with bases A, T, C, and G
Sugar-phosphate backbone
DNA strands held together by sugar-phosphate bonds
Genes in DNA
Sections containing information for making amino acids and proteins
Alcohols
Compounds with -O-H functional group, end in -ol
Different alcohols
Have different numbers of carbon atoms
Uses of alcohols
Drinking or as solvents
Reactions of alcohols
Fizz with sodium, burn with oxygen, dissolve in water
Fermentation
Process to produce alcohol using sugar and yeast
Carboxylic acids
Functional group with carbon double bonded to oxygen and alcohol group
Different carboxylic acids
Have different numbers of carbon atoms
Ethanoic acid
Vinegar, reacts with carbonates to produce fizz
Reactions of carboxylic acids
Produce esters when reacting with alcohols
Nanotechnology
Rearranging atoms into specific locations and sizes
Size of nanotechnology
Much smaller than traditional technology
Properties of smaller objects
Different properties and behaviors
Applications of nanotechnology
Communication, drug delivery, personalized medicine
Concerns about nanotechnology
Wary due to its newness
Glass
Made mostly of silicon dioxide
Ceramics
Contain silicon