Studied by 32 people
Wilhelm Wundt
Known as the father of psychology for founding the first psychology lab.
Edward Titchener
Developed structuralism, studying the mind's composition through introspection.
William James
Introduced functionalism, focusing on the mind's functions.
Sigmund Freud
Developed the psychodynamic approach, emphasizing the unconscious mind and repressed motives.
Ivan Pavlov
Known for classical conditioning, demonstrated through the dog salivating experiment.
BF Skinner
Associated with operant conditioning, where behaviors are influenced by rewards and punishments.
Cognitive Approach
Emphasizes thoughts and their complexity.
Biological Approach
Focuses on brain reactions to stimuli.
Humanistic Approach
Emphasizes individual uniqueness and growth.
Sociocultural Approach
Considers the impact of the environment on behavior.
Correlational Methods
Include surveys, naturalistic observation, and case studies.
Longitudinal Study
Involves studying the same individuals over an extended period.
Cross-Sectional Study
Examines different individuals at the same point in time.
Experiments
Essential for establishing causal relationships.
Placebo Effect
Change due to belief in an inactive substance.
Random Sample
Each individual in the population has an equal chance of selection.
Representative Sample
A group that mirrors the larger population.
Confounding Variables
Unintended factors that influence a study's outcomes.
Single-Blind Procedure
Participants are unaware of their group assignment.
Double-Blind Procedure
Both researchers and participants are unaware of group assignments.
Quantitative Data
Involves numerical information.
Qualitative Data
Involves non-numerical information.
Central Tendency
Includes mean, median, and mode.
Standard Deviation
Indicates the variability of scores around the mean.
Positive Correlation
Indicates a direct relationship between variables.
Negative Correlation
Indicates an inverse relationship between variables.
Statistical Significance
Likelihood that data supports the hypothesis.
IRB
Ethical committee overseeing research studies.
Reciprocal Determinism
Interaction between individuals and their environment.
Epigenetics
Environmental influences on gene activity.
Adaptive Theory
Sleep is based on an evolutionary approach to protect and preserve energy, helping animals adapt to their environment to survive.
Cognitive and Information Processing Theories
Sleep aids in restoring and rebuilding memories, with memory consolidation occurring during REM sleep.
Psychological Theory
Dreams provide insight into the unconscious mind, containing manifest and latent content.
Insomnia
Inability to fall and stay asleep, caused by factors like stress, irregular sleep schedule, and treated with stress management or medications.
Sleep Apnea
Cessation of breathing during sleep, leading to feeling unrested, with risk factors including weight, smoking, and narrow airways.
Narcolepsy
Involves uncontrollable sleep attacks, drowsiness, muscle paralysis, and REM sleep disruptions.
Principles of Sensation
Gestalt psychology emphasizes that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, including figure-ground, grouping, proximity, similarity, continuity, connectedness, and closure.
Depth Perception
Involves binocular cues (convergence and retinal disparity) and monocular cues (relative size, interposition, light and shadow, relative height, texture gradient, linear perspective).
Sensory Transduction
Process of converting stimuli into sensations through sense receptors and sensory neurons.
Absolute Threshold
The smallest amount of energy needed to produce a sensation about 50% of the time, with examples like feeling a bee's wings on your cheek.
Principles of Perception
Involves bottom-up processing (sensing then perceiving) and top-down processing (perceiving then processing), influenced by perceptual set, schemas, and Gestalt principles.
Trichromatic Theory
Explains color vision through three types of cones (red, green, blue) working together to interpret colors in the visual spectrum.
Opponent-Process Theory
Neurons are excited or inhibited to explain color vision, including afterimages and color blindness.
Principles of Memory
Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information, with processes like shallow and deep processing, visual, acoustic, and semantic encoding, and the testing effect.
Retrieval
Involves recognition, recall, relearning, and retrieval cues to access information stored in long-term memory, influenced by priming and context-dependent memory.
Implicit Memory
Memory that is unconsciously stored and retrieved, associated with the cerebellum and basal ganglia.
Cerebellum
Brain region linked to classical conditioning, a type of implicit memory.
Basal Ganglia
Brain region associated with procedural memory, a type of implicit memory.
Emotional Memory
Memory linked to the limbic system, including the hippocampus and amygdala.
Flashbulb Memory
Vivid memory of a personal event, subject to alteration.
Concept
Cluster of cognitive raw material used in thinking and problem-solving.
Prototype
Abstract but great example used in thinking, not necessarily perfect.
Artificial Concept
Perfect example like geometry, rare in real life.
Informal Reasoning
Fast thinking involving heuristics, top-down processing, schema, mental set, and mental model.
Formal Reasoning
Slow thinking involving algorithms, bottom-up processing, syllogism, diagnosis, and AI.
Heuristics
Thinking shortcuts based on experience, usually efficient.
Top-Down Processing
Having a general idea before knowing all details.
Schema
Set of ideas or concepts used to view a problem.
Mental Set
Previous successful way of thinking.
Mental Model
Representation of how things interact in thinking.
Algorithm
Step-by-step problem-solving process.
Bottom-Up Processing
Gathering data before making conclusions.
Syllogism
Logical reasoning using premises to reach a conclusion.
Diagnosis
Process of eliminating wrong answers to find the right one.
Biases and Errors in Thinking
Includes heuristics, cognitive bias, representativeness heuristic, availability heuristic, anchoring bias, confirmation bias, hindsight bias, fixedness, framing effect, illusory correlation, functional fixedness, and belief perseverance.
Social-cultural
Influence of others and serving sizes on eating behavior
Psychological
Role of anticipated pleasure, mood, and rewards in eating behavior
Biological
Impact of blood glucose levels and hormones on hunger regulation
Leptin
Hormone that reduces hunger
Ghrelin
Hormone that increases hunger
Approach-approach conflict
Choosing between two desirable options
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
Choosing between two undesirable options
Approach-avoidance conflict
Decision with both positive and negative outcomes
Double approach-avoidance
Choice between two options with mixed consequences
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange, Schacter-Singer, Cannon-Bard, Lazarus, Zajonc-LeDoux
Stress
Response to changes in the body's balanced state
Stressor
Perceived challenging, threatening, or demanding factor
Eustress
Positive interpretation of stress
Distress
Negative interpretation of stress
Alarm reaction, Resistance, Exhaustion
Stages of stress response
Lymphocytes
Cells in the bloodstream that defend against viruses
Personality
Unique pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Nature vs
Genetic vs. environmental influences on personality
Heritability
Degree of genetic influence on personality traits
Big 5 Personality Traits
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
Psychoanalytic Theories
Freud's Id, Ego, Superego; Jung, Adler, Horney's contributions
Behaviorism
Personality shaped by environment, reinforcement, punishment
Social Cognitive Theories
Bandura's observational learning, self-efficacy, reciprocal determinism
Humanistic Theories
Focus on self-actualization, positive growth, self-concept
Trait Theories
Personality traits are stable and predictable
Personality Assessment
Life outcomes, situational tests, observer ratings, self-reports
Objective Personality Tests
Reliable, MCQ-based assessments
Projective Personality Tests
Yield indirect insights into personality
DSM-5
Diagnostic manual for psychological disorders
Major Depressive Disorder
Diagnosis based on specific symptoms
Psychological Perspectives on Disorders
Behavioral, Psychoanalytic, Cognitive, Biological views
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Emerging during childhood and adolescence
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Communication and behavioral challenges
ADHD
Attention difficulties, hyperactivity, impulsivity
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder
Loss of touch with reality, distressing symptoms
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Flashcard (49)