psych collegeboard videos

Wilhelm Wundt

Known as the father of psychology for founding the first psychology lab.

Edward Titchener

Developed structuralism, studying the mind's composition through introspection.

William James

Introduced functionalism, focusing on the mind's functions.

Sigmund Freud

Developed the psychodynamic approach, emphasizing the unconscious mind and repressed motives.

Ivan Pavlov

Known for classical conditioning, demonstrated through the dog salivating experiment.

BF Skinner

Associated with operant conditioning, where behaviors are influenced by rewards and punishments.

Cognitive Approach

Emphasizes thoughts and their complexity.

Biological Approach

Focuses on brain reactions to stimuli.

Humanistic Approach

Emphasizes individual uniqueness and growth.

Sociocultural Approach

Considers the impact of the environment on behavior.

Correlational Methods

Include surveys, naturalistic observation, and case studies.

Longitudinal Study

Involves studying the same individuals over an extended period.

Cross-Sectional Study

Examines different individuals at the same point in time.

Experiments

Essential for establishing causal relationships.

Placebo Effect

Change due to belief in an inactive substance.

Random Sample

Each individual in the population has an equal chance of selection.

Representative Sample

A group that mirrors the larger population.

Confounding Variables

Unintended factors that influence a study's outcomes.

Single-Blind Procedure

Participants are unaware of their group assignment.

Double-Blind Procedure

Both researchers and participants are unaware of group assignments.

Quantitative Data

Involves numerical information.

Qualitative Data

Involves non-numerical information.

Central Tendency

Includes mean, median, and mode.

Standard Deviation

Indicates the variability of scores around the mean.

Positive Correlation

Indicates a direct relationship between variables.

Negative Correlation

Indicates an inverse relationship between variables.

Statistical Significance

Likelihood that data supports the hypothesis.

IRB

Ethical committee overseeing research studies.

Reciprocal Determinism

Interaction between individuals and their environment.

Epigenetics

Environmental influences on gene activity.

Adaptive Theory

Sleep is based on an evolutionary approach to protect and preserve energy, helping animals adapt to their environment to survive.

Cognitive and Information Processing Theories

Sleep aids in restoring and rebuilding memories, with memory consolidation occurring during REM sleep.

Psychological Theory

Dreams provide insight into the unconscious mind, containing manifest and latent content.

Insomnia

Inability to fall and stay asleep, caused by factors like stress, irregular sleep schedule, and treated with stress management or medications.

Sleep Apnea

Cessation of breathing during sleep, leading to feeling unrested, with risk factors including weight, smoking, and narrow airways.

Narcolepsy

Involves uncontrollable sleep attacks, drowsiness, muscle paralysis, and REM sleep disruptions.

Principles of Sensation

Gestalt psychology emphasizes that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, including figure-ground, grouping, proximity, similarity, continuity, connectedness, and closure.

Depth Perception

Involves binocular cues (convergence and retinal disparity) and monocular cues (relative size, interposition, light and shadow, relative height, texture gradient, linear perspective).

Sensory Transduction

Process of converting stimuli into sensations through sense receptors and sensory neurons.

Absolute Threshold

The smallest amount of energy needed to produce a sensation about 50% of the time, with examples like feeling a bee's wings on your cheek.

Principles of Perception

Involves bottom-up processing (sensing then perceiving) and top-down processing (perceiving then processing), influenced by perceptual set, schemas, and Gestalt principles.

Trichromatic Theory

Explains color vision through three types of cones (red, green, blue) working together to interpret colors in the visual spectrum.

Opponent-Process Theory

Neurons are excited or inhibited to explain color vision, including afterimages and color blindness.

Principles of Memory

Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information, with processes like shallow and deep processing, visual, acoustic, and semantic encoding, and the testing effect.

Retrieval

Involves recognition, recall, relearning, and retrieval cues to access information stored in long-term memory, influenced by priming and context-dependent memory.

Implicit Memory

Memory that is unconsciously stored and retrieved, associated with the cerebellum and basal ganglia.

Cerebellum

Brain region linked to classical conditioning, a type of implicit memory.

Basal Ganglia

Brain region associated with procedural memory, a type of implicit memory.

Emotional Memory

Memory linked to the limbic system, including the hippocampus and amygdala.

Flashbulb Memory

Vivid memory of a personal event, subject to alteration.

Concept

Cluster of cognitive raw material used in thinking and problem-solving.

Prototype

Abstract but great example used in thinking, not necessarily perfect.

Artificial Concept

Perfect example like geometry, rare in real life.

Informal Reasoning

Fast thinking involving heuristics, top-down processing, schema, mental set, and mental model.

Formal Reasoning

Slow thinking involving algorithms, bottom-up processing, syllogism, diagnosis, and AI.

Heuristics

Thinking shortcuts based on experience, usually efficient.

Top-Down Processing

Having a general idea before knowing all details.

Schema

Set of ideas or concepts used to view a problem.

Mental Set

Previous successful way of thinking.

Mental Model

Representation of how things interact in thinking.

Algorithm

Step-by-step problem-solving process.

Bottom-Up Processing

Gathering data before making conclusions.

Syllogism

Logical reasoning using premises to reach a conclusion.

Diagnosis

Process of eliminating wrong answers to find the right one.

Biases and Errors in Thinking

Includes heuristics, cognitive bias, representativeness heuristic, availability heuristic, anchoring bias, confirmation bias, hindsight bias, fixedness, framing effect, illusory correlation, functional fixedness, and belief perseverance.

Social-cultural

Influence of others and serving sizes on eating behavior

Psychological

Role of anticipated pleasure, mood, and rewards in eating behavior

Biological

Impact of blood glucose levels and hormones on hunger regulation

Leptin

Hormone that reduces hunger

Ghrelin

Hormone that increases hunger

Approach-approach conflict

Choosing between two desirable options

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Choosing between two undesirable options

Approach-avoidance conflict

Decision with both positive and negative outcomes

Double approach-avoidance

Choice between two options with mixed consequences

Theories of Emotion

James-Lange, Schacter-Singer, Cannon-Bard, Lazarus, Zajonc-LeDoux

Stress

Response to changes in the body's balanced state

Stressor

Perceived challenging, threatening, or demanding factor

Eustress

Positive interpretation of stress

Distress

Negative interpretation of stress

Alarm reaction, Resistance, Exhaustion

Stages of stress response

Lymphocytes

Cells in the bloodstream that defend against viruses

Personality

Unique pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Nature vs

Genetic vs. environmental influences on personality

Heritability

Degree of genetic influence on personality traits

Big 5 Personality Traits

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

Psychoanalytic Theories

Freud's Id, Ego, Superego; Jung, Adler, Horney's contributions

Behaviorism

Personality shaped by environment, reinforcement, punishment

Social Cognitive Theories

Bandura's observational learning, self-efficacy, reciprocal determinism

Humanistic Theories

Focus on self-actualization, positive growth, self-concept

Trait Theories

Personality traits are stable and predictable

Personality Assessment

Life outcomes, situational tests, observer ratings, self-reports

Objective Personality Tests

Reliable, MCQ-based assessments

Projective Personality Tests

Yield indirect insights into personality

DSM-5

Diagnostic manual for psychological disorders

Major Depressive Disorder

Diagnosis based on specific symptoms

Psychological Perspectives on Disorders

Behavioral, Psychoanalytic, Cognitive, Biological views

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Emerging during childhood and adolescence

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Communication and behavioral challenges

ADHD

Attention difficulties, hyperactivity, impulsivity

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder

Loss of touch with reality, distressing symptoms