Criminology Final Study Guide

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71 Terms

1

deviant behavior

activities that violate social norms

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2

theory

a hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

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3

general theories of crime

people with similar behavior and physical characteristics; highlights people with low self-esteem are more likely to commit crimes

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4

sociological perspective

crime is shaped by factors external to the individual (everyday environment)

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5

unreported crime

what is the dark figure of crime?

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6

no

is all deviant behavior illegal?

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7

status offenses

noncriminal acts considered a law violation but is considered “illegal” because a minor committed the crime (ex. truancy)

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8

classical school

what is the first modern approach to criminology?

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9

prevent recidivism (a.k.a. deterrence)

what was Cesare Beccarria's punishment designed to do?

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10

justice model

(offender deserve punishment)

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11

rational choice theory

a factor: individual choice

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12

specific deterrence

prevents offender from recidivism

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13

over emphasis on ________

what is the criticism of rational choice theory?

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14

true

according to classical criminology, "humans are rational" (T/F)

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15

selective human breeding

what was developed during the eugenics movement?

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16

true

contemporary biosocial theorists see interaction of person with their environment a determining factor for criminality (T/F)

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17

false

biological theory emphasizes the tole of "free will" (T/F)

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18

antisocial behaviors

what is low resting heart rate linked to?

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19

more crime

vitamin deficiencies are linked to ________

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20

ID

pleasure principle

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21

more likely to commit crimes

a poorly developed super ego leads to someone being ________

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22

conflict theory

struggle between classes

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23

social process theory

views criminality as a function of people’s interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society

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24

social disorganization theory

a person’s residential location is more significant than the person’s characteristics when predicting criminal activity

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25

broken windows theory

reducing physical deterioration

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26

Merton's strain theory

resort to illegitimate means to obtain middle-class goals

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27

social process theories

learned in interactions

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28

learning theory

product of social environment

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29

social bond theory

offending behavior is caused by weakened or broken social bonds with law-abiding people/institutions

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30

self control

what is the key concept of the general theory of crime

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31

reactions of society

what is the major element of labeling theory?

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32

social class

different “levels” of earned income and socioeconomic statuses in society

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33

proletarians

who are the exploited working class according to Marx?

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34

peace making criminology

based on the premise that violence creates violence, so peaceful solutions will reduce crime

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35

naĂŻve and utopian

what are the criticisms of peace making criminology?

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36

false

restorative justice movement: crime is an offense against the gov. (T/F)

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37

people with low economic status

who are at a higher risk of violent victimization?

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38

medical care

what is a tangible cost of crime?

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39

true

victimization isn't equally distributed (T/F)

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40

true

early victimologists focused on responsibilities of victims (T/F)

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41

1st

premeditative murder is what degree?

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42

strangers

male serial killers are more likely to attack __________

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43

assault

what is the most common workplace violence?

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44

racial

what is the most common hate crime?

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45

true

victims and offenders (especially in homicides) share similar characteristics (T/F)

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46

short-term

what type of employee steal cash and merchandise?

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47

fun

what is the main purpose of joyriding?

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48

fence

receives stolen property to resell it for a profit

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49

during the day

when are residential crimes most common?

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50

true

employee more serious than shoplifting (T/F)

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51

retail businesses (not wholesale)

who are burglars more likely to target?

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52

nature of the crime

white-collar crime definitions focus on ________

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53

securities and commodities fraud

stock market manipulation, ponzi schemes, and hedge funds

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54

money laundering

financial transactions where criminals try to disguise the origins on funds so they don’t have to pay as much (or any) taxes on them

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55

true

occupational crimes can be committed by either white or blue-collar workers

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56

false

a corporation cannot be held accountable for acts of employees (T/F)

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57

false

terrorists don't commit white-collar crimes

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58

true

"lone sharks" will lend you money

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59

opium

a highly used drug in the 1900s

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60

marijuana

what is the most common illicit drug?

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61

schedule 1 drugs

drugs with high potential of abuse with no medical use

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62

synthetic drugs

drugs produced by the changing of their chemical makeups

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63

decriminalization

reduces the criminal penalties

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64

legalization

eliminated laws

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65

internet

what is a powerful tool for recruiting girls for prostitution?

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66

true

most drug offenses are recreational crimes (T/F)

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67

true

opioid abuse is a public health emergency (T/F)

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68

phishing

sending fraudulent emails under the name of reputable companies to induce individuals to give away personal information

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69

computer viruses

what does malware involve?

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70

computer crime

any violations of criminal law that involve a knowledge of computer technology for their perpetration, investigation, or prosecution

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71

false

creation of destructive computer viruses is for financial gain (T/F)

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