HAN 312 Chapter 15

Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)

First set of vertebrae. Make up the bony aspect of the neck. There is 7 of them. They do not articulate with the ribs.

Breakfast at 7

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

Second set of vertebrae. There is 12 of them. They articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs.

Lunch at 12

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

Third set of vertebrae. There is 5 of them. The strongest and the largest of all vertebrae. They do no articulate with the ribs.

Dinner at 5

Sacral Vertebrae (sacrum)

Five separate bones that fuse in a young child. In an adult, it is a slightly curved, triangular shaped bone.

Coccyx (Tailbone)

A fused bone that was formed from four small coccygeal bones.

True Ribs

Ribs 1-7. Join the sternum anteriorly through cartilaginous attachments called costal cartilage. They also join with the vertebral column posteriorly.

False Ribs

Ribs 8-10. They join with the vertebral column posteriorly but join the 7th rib anteriorly instead of attaching to the sternum.

Floating Ribs

Ribs 11 and 12. Completely free at the anterior ends. Joined posteriorly to the vertebral column.

calc/o, calci/o

calcium

hypercalcemia

Elevated calcium levels

decalcification

The process of making a lack of calcium

kyph/o

humpback, hunchback (posterior curvature of the thoracic region)

Kyphosis

Condition of a hunch/hump back in the thoracic region.

lamin/o

lamina (part of the vertebral arch)

laminectomy

Removal of the lamina. This is an operation often performed to relieve the symptoms of compression of the spinal cord or spinal nerve roots.

Lord/o

Curve, swayback (anterior curvature in the lumbar region)

lordosis

Condition of a curved back in the lumbar region. This is normal, but you are diagnosed with this if it becomes exaggerated.

Lumb/o

loins, lower back

Lumbar

Pertaining to the lower back

Lumbago

Low back pain

myel/o

bone marrow

lumbosacral

Pertaining to the lower back and sacrum

myelopoiesis

Formation of bone marrow

orth/o

straight

oste/o

bone

oseitis

Inflammation of bone

Osteitis Deformans/Pagets Disease

Bones become weak and painful, especially in the spine, skull, pelvis, and legs.

osteodystrophy

Difficult development/nourishment of bone

osteogenesis

Producing/forming bone

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A genetic disorder involving defective development of bones that are brittle and fragile. Fractures occur with the slightest trauma.

Scoli/o

Crooked, bent (lateral curvature)

Scoliosis

Condition of crooked/bent back. The spinal column is bent abnormally to the spine. Most common in adolescent girls.

spondyl/o (used to make words about conditions of the structure)

vertebra

Spondylosis

Degeneration of the intervertebral disks in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions. Signs and symptoms include pain and restriction of movement.

Vertebr/o (used to describe the structure itself)

Vertebra

Percutaneous Vertebroplasty

relieves pain caused by compression fractures of the vertebrae. Medical cement is used to fill in the cracks and strengthen the bone.

-blast

embryonic or immature cell

osteoblast

immature bone cell. it synthesizes collagen and protein to form bone tissue.

-clast

to break

osteoclast

This cell breaks down bone to remove bone tissue

-listhesis

slipping

spondylolisthesis

The forward slipping of vertebra over a lower vertebra.

-malacia

softening

osteomalacia

A condition in which vitamin D deficiency leads to decalcification of bones. This is known as rickets in children.

-physis

to grow

epiphysis

Upon growth

-porosis

pore, passage

osteoporosis

Loss of bony tissue with decreased mass of bone.

-tome

instrument to cute

osteotome

The surgical chisel is designed to cut bone.

Craniotomy

Incision into the skull (cranium)

Craniotome

Instrument used to cut into the skull

Metacarpectomy

Removal of the hand bones

metatarsalgia

Pain in foot bones

Ewing Sarcoma

Rare malignant tumor arising in bone, most commonly occurs in children. Pain and swelling are common, especially if the tumor involves the shaft of a long bone. Usually occurs between the ages 5-15 and combined treatment with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy represents the best chance for a cure.

Exostosis

Benign bony growth arising from the surface of bone.

Osteochondromas

Benign exostoses usually found on the metaphyses of long bones near the epiphyseal plates.

Bunion

Swelling of the metatarophalangeal joint near the base of the big toe and is accompanied by the buildup of soft tissue and underlying bone at the distal medial aspect of the first metatarsal.

Fracture

Traumatic breaking of bone.

Simple (closed) fracture

The bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin.

Compound (open) fracture

The bone is broken and a fragment of the bone protrudes through an open wound in the skin.

Crepitus

The crackling sound produced when ends of bones rub each other or rub against roughened cartilage.

Reduction

The restoration of the bone to its normal position.

Closed reduction

A manipulative reduction without a surgical incision.

Open reduction

An incision is made for access to the fracture site.

Cast

Applied to the fracture to immobilize the injured bone after closed reduction.

Osteogenic Sarcoma

Common malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found primarily in children and adolescents. Osteoblasts multiply, forming large bony tumors, especially at the ends of long bones. Metastasis takes place through the bloodstream, often affecting the lungs. Surgical resection followed by chemotherapy improves the survival rate.

Metastatic Vone Lesions

Malignant tumors from other parts of the body that metastasize to bones.

Osteomalacia

Softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of minerals in the bone. Occurs primarily as a disease of infancy and childhood and is known as rickets. Bones fail to receive adequate amounts of calcium and phosphorus. They become soft, bend easily, and become deformed. In affected patients, vitamin D will be deficient in the diet, which prevents calcium and phosphorus from being absorbed into the bloodstream from the intestines. Treatment most often consists of administration of large daily doses of vitamin D and an increase of dietary intake of calcium and phosphorus.

Osteomyelitis

Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary infection. Bacteria enter the body through a wound and spread to the bone. Children are affected the most, and the infection usually occurs near the ends of long bones of legs and arms. Adults can be affected too, usually as a result of an open fracture. The lesion begins as an inflammation with pus collection. Antibiotic therapy corrects the condition if the infection is treated quickly. If the treatment is delayed an abscess can form, which is hard to penetrate with antibiotics. There would need to be a surgical drainage of an abscess.

Osteoporosis

Decrease in bone density/mass, thinning and weakening of bone. The interior of bones is diminished in structure, as if the steel skeleton of a building rusted and deteriorated. Commonly occurs in older women as a consequence of estrogen deficiency with menopause. Lack of estrogen promotes excessive bone resorption and less bone deposition. Treatment and prevention are critical to maintaining strong bones and avoiding fractures.

Osteopenia

Condition in which bone mineral density is lower than normal. In some cases, it is a precursor for osteoporosis.

Arthritis

Inflammation of any joint.

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Type of arthritis. Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of spinal joints, primarily of the spine. Bilateral sclerosis of the sacroiliac joints is a diagnostic sign. Joint changes are similar to those seen in rheumatoid arthritis, and the condition can respond to corticosteroids and inflammatory drugs.

Gouty Arthritis

Type of arthritis. Inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric-acid in the body. A congenital defect in the metabolism of uric acid causes too much of it to accumulate in the blood, which is known as hyperuricemia, in joints, and soft tissues near the joints. The "pointy" uric acid crystals destroy the articular cartilage and damage the synovial membrane, often resulting in excruciating pain. Treatment consists of drugs to lower uric acid production and to prevent inflammation and a special diet that avoids foods that are rich in uric acid.

Osteoarthritis

Type of arthritis. Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy at articular surfaces. It is also known as degenerative joint disease. It can occur in any joint, but occurs mainly in the spine, hips, and knees of older people. It is marked by a narrowing of the joint space, which is due to lack of cartilage. Treatment consists of aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce inflammation and pain and physical therapy to loosen impaired joints.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Type of arthritis. Chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain, caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly in synovial membrane. The small joints of the hands and feet are affected first, and larger joints are affected later. Women are more commonly affected than men. Synovial membranes become inflamed and thickened, damaging the articular cartilage and preventing easy movement. Some fibrous tissue forms and calcifies creating a bony ankylosis at the joint and preventing movement. Swollen, painful joints are accompanied by pyrexia (fever). Diagnosis is made by clinical criteria, blood tests, and x-ray images revealing changes around the affected joints. Treatment consists of heat applications and drugs such as aspirin and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and pain.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Compression of the median nerve as it passes between the transverse ligament, and bones and tendons of the wrist. The compression results from swelling and/inflammation of the flexor tendons. Treatment consists of splinting the wrist during sleep to immobilize it, use of anti-inflammatory medications, and injection of corticosteroids such are cortisone into the area. If all measures fail, surgical release of the transverse carpal ligament usually is curative.

Dislocation

Displacement of a bone from its joint. They do not articulate with each other. The most common cause is trauma.

Ganglion Cyst

Fluid-filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons. Most commonly seen in the wrist, but could be found in the hand, shoulder, knee, hip, or ankle. Treatment ranges from immobilization and reduced activity to aspiration of fluid, to surgical resection if it is necessary.

Herniation of an Intervertebral Disk

Abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disk into the spinal canal or spinal nerves. It is commonly referred to as a "slipped disk". Pain is experienced as the inner portion of the disk presses on spinal nerves or on the spinal cord. Lower back pain and sciatica (pain radiating down the leg) are symptoms when the disk protrudes in the lumbar spine. Neck pain and burning pain radiating down an arm are characteristics of this in the cervical spine. Physical therapy, drugs for pain, and epidural cortisone injections may help initially. In patients where it is chronic or recurrent, a microdiskectomy may be advised.

Lyme Disease

Chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia and malaise. Is caused by the bacterium carried by a tick. It is often marked by a "bulls eye" rash at the site of the tick bite. Treated with antibiotics. In some causes, it can affect the nervous system.

Sprain

Trauma to a joint with swelling and injury to ligaments. Application of ice, elevation and physical therapy are also healthy.

Strain

An injuring involving the over stretching of a muscle. Gentle compressive wraps is an immediate measure to relieve pain and minimize swelling caused by this. Application of ice, elevation and physical therapy are also healthy.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, central nervous system, heart, and lungs. This condition affects connective tissue in tendons, ligaments, bones, and cartilage all over the body. Typically, there is a red, scaly rash over the nose and the cheeks. It is known as the butterfly rash. Patients, especially women, experience joint pain, pyrexia, kidney inflammation, and malaise. Diagnosed by the presence of abnormal antibodies in the blood and characteristics of white blood cells called LE cells. Treatment involves giving corticosteroids, hormones made by the adrenal gland that are used to treat inflammatory conditions.

Flexion

Decreasing the angle between two bones, bending a limb.

Extension

Increasing the angle between toe bones, straightening out a limb.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Rotation

Circular motion around an axis. Internal is toward the center of the body and external is away from the center of the body.

Dorsiflexion

Decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so that the foot moves upward, toward the knee or ceiling. This is the opposite movement of stepping on the gas pedal when driving a car.

Plantar Flexion

Motion that moves the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes or stepping on the gas pedal.

Supination

Hand and Forearm: Where the elbow is bent, the act of turning the palm up.

Foot: It is outward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion.

Pronation

Hand and forearm: Where the elbow is bent, the act of turning the palm down.

Foot: It is the inward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion.

Fasciotomy

Incision into the fascia to relieve tension or pressure on muscles.

Fibromyalgia

Chronic pain and stiffness in muscles, joints, and fibrous tissue, especially of the back, shoulders, neck, hips, and knees. Fatigue is a common complaint. Cause is unknown, and treatment includes physical therapy, stress relief methods, and medications.

Leiomyoma

Tumor in the smooth muscle that lines the walls of internal organs

Leiomyosarcoma

Malignant flesh tumor in the smooth muscle that lines the walls of internal organs

myalgia

Muscle pain

Electromyography

Electrical recording of muscle