BIO REVIEW 2

What is the principle of conservation of energy?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

What are the two types of energy

Kinetic and potential

What is kinetic energy?

Energy of motion

What is potential energy?

Energy that is stored

What is chemical energy?

Energy stored in the bonds of molecules

Chemical energy is a type of

potential energy

What is ATP?

Adenosine triphosphate

ATP can be

recycled

If ATP cannot form in the cell

the cell dies

What is heat?

A type of kinetic energy; the product of all energy conversions

What is entropy?

a measure of chaos and disorder in the universe

What are enzymes?

They speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

What does catalyst mean?

Something that speeds up chemical reactions

What type of macromolecule are enzymes?

Proteins

Enzymes are

reused

Enzyme inhibitors

stop an enzyme from functioning

What are the two types of enzyme inhibitors?

Active-site inhibitors and Remote-site inhibitors

What is diffusion?

A type of passive transport, does not require energy, moves from high concentration to low concentration

What is facilitated. diffusion?

A type of passive transport that requires a transport protein, high to low concentration

What is osmosis?

A type of passive transport, the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane, high water concentration to low water concentration

Hypotonic

lower solute concentration

Hypertonic

higher solute concentration

What happens to an animal cell in hypertonic solution?

The animal cell will shrivel

What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?

The animal cell will burst

In a hypotonic solution, a plant cell will become

turgid

What is active transport?

It requires energy, low to high concentration, against the concentration gradient

What is endocytosis?

Entering the cell

What is exocytosis?

Exiting the cell

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic?

Aerobic requires oxygen

What is the difference between producers and consumers?

Producers make chemical energy

Autotrophs

Self-feeders, fix energy from sunlight through photosynthesis

Heterotrophs

Other-feeders, get energy from cellular respiration

What processes do autotrophs go through?

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

What processes do heterotrophs go through?

Cellular respiration

What is the ultimate source of energy?

The sun

What are reduction reactions?

Gain of electrons

What are oxidation reactions?

Donation/loss of electrons

What are the three steps of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis

The Citric Acid Cycle

Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis

Start with a molecule of glucose

Go through a series of reactions to create NADH and net 2 ATP

Creates 2 Pyruvic acid → prepped to be acetic acid

Citric Acid Cycle

2 acetic acid go through a series of reactions to create 2 ATP, FADH2, NADH, and CO2

Electron Transport Chain

NADH and FADH@ donate electrons to fall in energy state, the energy state pumps the hydrogen ions against concentration gradient

electrons join up with oxygen to create water

Hydrogen ions go through ATP synthase

Makes 28 ATP

How many ATP does Cellular Respiration create?

32 ATP

What is the last electron acceptor?

oxygen

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide, water, 32 ATP

Where does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

Mitochondria

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

Mitochondria

What is fermentation?

An anaerobic process

What pathway does fermentation follow?

Glycolysis

What are the byproducts of fermentation in human muscle cells?

Lactic acid

What are the byproducts of fermentation in yeast?

CO2 and ethyl alcohol

What are chloroplasts?

Found on the interior cells of leaves; the site of photosynthesis

What are thylakoids?

membrane sacs inside chloroplasts

What are stacks of thylakoids called?

Grana

What are stomata?

The tiny pores on leaves that allow for gas exchange

Why do leaves appear green?

Chlorophyll, a light-absorbing pigment

What is the photo part of photosynthesis?

Light reactions

What are the two photosystems within light reactions?

Water-splitting photosystem

NADPH-producing photosystem

Light reactions

• Electrons are excited by photons of light 

• Trapped by electron acceptor 

• As falling in energy state, pumps hydrogen ions against concentration gradient 

• Hydrogen ions go through ATP synthase to make ATP 

• Electrons get excited by another photon of light 

• Electrons join up with NADP+ to make NADPH

What goes into the Calvin cycle?

Carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP

What comes out of the Calvin cycle?

Glucose

In the first photosystem, what is the source of the electrons?

Water

Oxygen is produced during the

light reactions

What are the pigments responsible for the colors of fall leaves?

Carotenoids, xanthophylls, and phycobilins

Which pigment participates directly in photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll a

within the reaction center; participates directly in photosynthesis

Chlorophyll b

participates indirectly in light reactions; dissipates excess light energy

Light reactions take place in the

thylakoids

The Calvin Cycle takes place in the

stroma

Which plants always leave their stomata open?

C3 plants

Which plants close their stomata when it’s hot?

C4 plants

Which plants only open their stomata at night?

CAM plants