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What is the principle of conservation of energy?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
What are the two types of energy
Kinetic and potential
What is kinetic energy?
Energy of motion
What is potential energy?
Energy that is stored
What is chemical energy?
Energy stored in the bonds of molecules
Chemical energy is a type of
potential energy
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate
ATP can be
recycled
If ATP cannot form in the cell
the cell dies
What is heat?
A type of kinetic energy; the product of all energy conversions
What is entropy?
a measure of chaos and disorder in the universe
What are enzymes?
They speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
What does catalyst mean?
Something that speeds up chemical reactions
What type of macromolecule are enzymes?
Proteins
Enzymes are
reused
Enzyme inhibitors
stop an enzyme from functioning
What are the two types of enzyme inhibitors?
Active-site inhibitors and Remote-site inhibitors
What is diffusion?
A type of passive transport, does not require energy, moves from high concentration to low concentration
What is facilitated. diffusion?
A type of passive transport that requires a transport protein, high to low concentration
What is osmosis?
A type of passive transport, the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane, high water concentration to low water concentration
Hypotonic
lower solute concentration
Hypertonic
higher solute concentration
What happens to an animal cell in hypertonic solution?
The animal cell will shrivel
What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?
The animal cell will burst
In a hypotonic solution, a plant cell will become
turgid
What is active transport?
It requires energy, low to high concentration, against the concentration gradient
What is endocytosis?
Entering the cell
What is exocytosis?
Exiting the cell
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic?
Aerobic requires oxygen
What is the difference between producers and consumers?
Producers make chemical energy
Autotrophs
Self-feeders, fix energy from sunlight through photosynthesis
Heterotrophs
Other-feeders, get energy from cellular respiration
What processes do autotrophs go through?
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
What processes do heterotrophs go through?
Cellular respiration
What is the ultimate source of energy?
The sun
What are reduction reactions?
Gain of electrons
What are oxidation reactions?
Donation/loss of electrons
What are the three steps of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
The Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
Start with a molecule of glucose
Go through a series of reactions to create NADH and net 2 ATP
Creates 2 Pyruvic acid → prepped to be acetic acid
Citric Acid Cycle
2 acetic acid go through a series of reactions to create 2 ATP, FADH2, NADH, and CO2
Electron Transport Chain
NADH and FADH@ donate electrons to fall in energy state, the energy state pumps the hydrogen ions against concentration gradient
electrons join up with oxygen to create water
Hydrogen ions go through ATP synthase
Makes 28 ATP
How many ATP does Cellular Respiration create?
32 ATP
What is the last electron acceptor?
oxygen
What is the formula for cellular respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide, water, 32 ATP
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
Mitochondria
Where does the electron transport chain occur?
Mitochondria
What is fermentation?
An anaerobic process
What pathway does fermentation follow?
Glycolysis
What are the byproducts of fermentation in human muscle cells?
Lactic acid
What are the byproducts of fermentation in yeast?
CO2 and ethyl alcohol
What are chloroplasts?
Found on the interior cells of leaves; the site of photosynthesis
What are thylakoids?
membrane sacs inside chloroplasts
What are stacks of thylakoids called?
Grana
What are stomata?
The tiny pores on leaves that allow for gas exchange
Why do leaves appear green?
Chlorophyll, a light-absorbing pigment
What is the photo part of photosynthesis?
Light reactions
What are the two photosystems within light reactions?
Water-splitting photosystem
NADPH-producing photosystem
Light reactions
Electrons are excited by photons of lightÂ
Trapped by electron acceptorÂ
As falling in energy state, pumps hydrogen ions against concentration gradientÂ
Hydrogen ions go through ATP synthase to make ATPÂ
Electrons get excited by another photon of lightÂ
Electrons join up with NADP+ to make NADPH
What goes into the Calvin cycle?
Carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP
What comes out of the Calvin cycle?
Glucose
In the first photosystem, what is the source of the electrons?
Water
Oxygen is produced during the
light reactions
What are the pigments responsible for the colors of fall leaves?
Carotenoids, xanthophylls, and phycobilins
Which pigment participates directly in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll a
within the reaction center; participates directly in photosynthesis
Chlorophyll b
participates indirectly in light reactions; dissipates excess light energy
Light reactions take place in the
thylakoids
The Calvin Cycle takes place in the
stroma
Which plants always leave their stomata open?
C3 plants
Which plants close their stomata when it’s hot?
C4 plants
Which plants only open their stomata at night?
CAM plants