A&P test 1

Anatomy

Anatomy

To cut apart, complete dissection of animal cadaver

Physiology

The study of the integrated functions of the body and the functions of its parts- biophysical and biochemical processes

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy

Dissection of animal cadavers

Comparative anatomy

Study of species structures that aid in classification

Embryology

Study from fertilization to birth

Microscopic anatomy (histology)

Study of tissues and cells with a microscope

Specializations of physiology

Neurophysiology, gastrointestinal, reproductive, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, exercise, cell physiologies

Cranial

Toward the head

Caudal

Toward the tail

Rostral

Toward the nose

Median plane

Imaginary plane passing through the body so as to divide the body into equal right and left halves

Sagittal plane

Any plane parallel to the median plane

Another name for median plane

Midsagittal

Transverse plane

At right angles to the median plane and divide the body into cranial and caudal segments

Horizontal plane

At right angles to the median plane and transverse planes and divide into dorsal and ventral segments

Medial

Close to or toward the median plane

Lateral

Antonym of medial, it means away from the median plane

Dorsal

Toward or beyond the backbone or vertebral column

Ventral

Away from backbone or toward the mid abdominal wall

Simple squamous (epithelial tissue)

Thin, plate like cells, smooth surface to reduce friction

Cuboidal

Approx equal in all dimensions, ducts passages of kidneys

Columnar

Cylindrical cells - similar to honeycomb, pseudostratified

Stratified

More than one layer of epithelial cells

Secretion

Release from gland cell of a substance synthesized by the cell- usually affects other cells

Excretion

Expulsion of waste products

Endocrine glands

Empty secretory products directly into blood

Exocrine glands

Empty secretory products on an epithelial surface via ducts

Elastic connective tissue

Contains linked fibers which regain their original shape after being stretched (ligmentum nuchae- support head)

Collagenous (white fibrous) connective tissue

Proteinaceous fibers of collagen, very strong tensile strength, ligaments, tendons

Areolar (loose) connective tissue

Protective cushioning but flexible (blood vessels)

Rectificar connective tissue

Fine fibrils and cells, endocrine and lymphatic systems

Cartilage connective tissue

Firmer than fibrous tissue but not as hard as bone

Hyaline cartilage

Glasslike covering of bones within joints

Bone (connective tissue)

Osteoporosis tissue which becomes calcified

Blood (connective tissue)

Fluid matrix (plasma), a variety of cells, nutrients and waste products

Why is blood a connective tissue

It is produced in bone marrow

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Nonnucleated biconcave disks and contain hemoglobin

White cells (leukocytes)

First line of defense against infection

Agranulocytes

Monocytes, lymphocytes

ganulocytes

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Small irregular shaped cells - involved with clotting

Plasma

Fluid part of blood - contains proteins - clotting

Serum

Supernatant fluid after a clot forms

Smooth muscles

Spindle shaped cells with only one central nucleus

Skeletal

Striated but each cell has its own nerve supply

Cardiac

Involuntary striated

Neurons

Essential cells in nervous tissues

axons and dendrites

Projection that go away from (ax) or toward cell body (de)

what covers nerve fibers

myelin sheath

schwann cells

peripheral system

oligodendrocytes

central nervous system

thoracic cavity

develops and grows through an epithelial cell layer

another name for thoracic cavity

pleura

what surrounds the heart

pericardial sac

what surrounds the lungs

pleural sacs

abdominal cavity

develops and grows through an epithelial cell layer

another name for abdominal cavity

peritoneum

visceral peritoneum

surrounds an abdominal organ

parietal peritoneum

surrounds the abdominal cavity

hypertorphy

increase in size of a cell or organ beyond normal

hyperplasia

increase in number of cells leading to increase in size

atrophy

a decrease in size from normal

aplasia

failure of tissue to develop

hypoplasia

incomplete development of tissue

metabolism

the sum total of the physical and biochemical reactions occurring in each cell (and therefore the whole animal)

anabolic metabolism

the building of cellular components

catabolic metabolism

the break down of cellular components

catabolic reaction

oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide and water

irritability (excitability)

property of being able to react to a stimulus

conductivity

property of transmittin an electrical impulse from point a to b (nerve cells)

contractibility

ability to shorten in one direction (muscles)

what percentage of total cell is water

60-65%

what is the next largest consitute of the cytoplasm

protein

structural proteins

fibrous proteins, collagens that represent 30% total animal protein, elastins allow for pulse generation in arteries, keratin which is for wool hair horns and hoofs

reactive proteins

include enzymes, protein hormones, histones, and contractile proteins of the muscle (actin and myosin)

what are the 4 lipid types in animals

fatty acids, triglycerides or triacylglycerols, phospholipids, steroids

what are simple sugars often referred to as

monosaccharides

what percentage does carbohydrates make up of most cells

less than 1%

endoplasmic recticulum

tubules and vesicles attached to nuclear membrane, protein synthesis in ribosomes and transport vesicles

nucleus

dna controls activity of the cell, containg genetic material (dna), site of transcription (dna→rna)

ribosomes

found in ER and cytoplasm, site of translation (rna →protein)

golgi apparatus

continuation of ER, receives proteins from the transport vesicle in the ER, sorts and labels proteins, exports proteins with secretory vesicle

mitochondria

“power house” of the cell that supplies over 90% of cell energy with ATP, located throughout cytoplasm, larger number found during lactation bc more energy is needed

lysosomes

“stomach” of the cell, digests old organelles food particles and viruses/bacteria, acidic pH 4.8, cell apoptosis when ruptured

mitosis

division of somatic cells to produce two identical daughter cells

meiosis

reductional division of a somatic cell into a gamete (oocyte or sperm), diploid reduced to haploid, crossing over gives variability

osteology

study of bone and how it calcifies

bones

living structures which have blood vessels, lyphatic vessels, nerves, subject to disease, undergo repair

what are the main functions of bone

protect vital organs, muscles attach to bones (levers), entire skeleton dynamic storage of minerals, blood formation

compact (dense or cortical) bone

hard layer that constitues the exterior of most bones

cancellous (spongy) bone

forms porous network, spaces usually filled with marrow

medullary (marrow) cavity

space surrounded by the cortex of long bones, young animals its red, gradually replaces with yellow bc fat deposits

epiphysis

either end of a long bone

diaphysis

cylindrical shaft of long bone

metaphysis

flared area adjacent to the epiphysis

epiphyseal cartilage (disk)

layer of hyaline cartilage within the metaphysis of an immature bone, separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis, aka growth plate

articular cartilage

thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the joint surface

periosteum

fibrous membrane covers surface of bone, except where articular cartilage

osteoblasts

bone producing cells, responsible for increase in diameter of bone

endosteum

fibrous membrane lines the marrow cavity