B cell? NO, excel 🤩

What are the types of lymphocytes (3)

T cell, B cell, NK cell

Where are the lymph nodes found?

Linguine, axillary, cervical regions

Lymph node function?

Remove foreign debris, house lymphocytes, macrophages, filters blood

Two parts of lymph node

Cortex, medulla

What does the parathyroid secrete and when?

Secretes PTH when Ca levels low

Where are chief cells found?

Parathyroid

Where are oxyphil cell found?

Parathyroid

What are the types of leukocytes (3)

Granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes

fas ligand

makes cells do apoptosis

what 2 antibodies are the receptors for b cells. which one is better

igM, igD. better = igM

self recognition vs self tolerance

self recognition: recognize your own MHC. self tolerance: they react to the MHC

What are the types of granulocyte (3)

Eosinophil, basophil, mast cell

What is the cell involved in allergic reactions & asthma?

Basophil

What is the cell involved in allergies and autoimmunity?

Mast cell

What are the types of phagocytes? (3)

Neutrophil, macrophage, dendritic

What does histamine do?

Exudation (swelling) by vasodilation

What do kinins cause?

Chemotaxis and pain

What inhibits prostaglandins?

Aspirin

What does hyperemia cause?

redness and heat

What does exudate mean?

swelling

What are the 4 steps of phagocytosis mobilization?

Leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis

What are IFNs?

Proteins secreted by virus-infected cells to protect non-infected cells

What do complements do?

Plasma proteins that circulate the blood in an inactive state.

What is the classical complement pathway triggered by?

Pathogen or antibody binding

What is the lectin pathway triggered by?

Binding of pattern-recognition molecules

What is the alternative pathway triggered by?

Hydrolysis of internal C3 thioester bond

What kind of antigen can be anything (polysacc, lipid, microorg)?

Complete

What kind of antigen causes immune responses only when attached to large carriers?

Hapten/incomplete

Where do lymphocytes originate from?

Red bone marrow

Where do B cells mature?

Red bone marrow

Where do T cells mature?

Thymus

Where does B/T cell activation occur

Lymph node/spleen

What are the types of APCs (3)?

Dendritic, macrophage, B cell

What do T cells do?

Secrete lymphokines

What is B cell’s primary target?

Bacteria, fungi, parasite, virus

What is T cell’s primary target?

Cancer, virus

macrophages that bind to ct is called

histiocytes

chemokine vs cytokine

Chemokine signal more distant cells

function of ifn

signal the cells that surround the cells of a virally infected cell to release anti viral proteins

What does double negative mean?

Earliest stage of T cell, neither CD4/8

What is it called when T cells only react to self-MHC proteins?

Positive selection

What is it called when T cells don’t recognize self-antigens displayed on self-MHC, making sure they don’t attack their own cells?

Negative selection

autoimmune disease are malfunction in what

self recognition

white pulp vs red pulp spleen in their composition

white: Lymphoid tissue; Dense in lymphocytes & distant from blood supply

\
red: CT w/ sinusoids full of blood

white pulp fx

Prolif lymphocytes, initiate active immu response

red pulp fx

Filter blood & remove waste

why do antibodies not work on viruses

virus don’t have metabolic pathways for antibiotic to target, they cant’ penetrate virus’ cell wall, viruses don’t reproduce on its own they go inside the host cell in reproduce in there

what would you call the cytokine factories

helper t cell

innate immunity

natural, always present, non-specific responses, no immunological memory, can be inherited from parents, recognizes less diverse group of antigens, does not produce allergic reactions

adaptive immunity

antigen-specific immune response, memory B-cells will possess immunological memory and cell memory, the response usually is delayed 5-6 days, higher diversity of pathogens/ antigens recognized, develops allergic reactions, cannot be inherited and must be acquired.

both innate and adaptive involve these 2 cells

t, nk

the disease mono is a swelling of what

posterior cervical ln

What type of receptors do macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells have?

toll like

adenoid fx

trap pathogens that enter from the mouth or nose and then produce antibodies

adenoid loc

entrance of respiratory tract and GI tract

another word for platelet

thrombocyte

platelets are

fragments of the cytoplasm which are derived from megakaryocytes

fx of spleen

removes old RBC from blood, recycles iron, produces lymphocytes

What antigens are targeted in hashimoto’s

thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin

what are the large cells in bone marrow called

megakaryocytes

what happens after the antibody is secreted

the antibody circulates the bloodstream to find the pathogen to caused it to be secreted in the first place

what are the 2 things antibodies do

1) neutralize 2) flag for phagocytes or complement system

where are antigens bound to

the mhc protein on the surface of an APC

how to tell the difference btn b and t

b has lots of rough er, t doesnt

antibodies vs cytokines

antibodies are widely distributed across blood, cytokines are local

what is the molecule that you have to inject to have artificial immunity

adjuvant

what part of plasma cells makes antibodies

rough er

What cells kill cancerous/infected cells by looking for class 1 MHC protein?

T cytotoxic cell

clonal selection

antigen binding to only t cells that have receptors specific that that antigen

What cell dampens the immune response by direct contact/releasing cytokines?

T memory cell

What type of immunity is by injecting antibodies harvested from a donor?

Passive artificial

What MHC is on the surface of all cells except RBC?

Class 1 MHC

What MHC interacts with CD8?

MHC 1

What MHC is only on the surface of cells that make antigens to CD4, mature B, APCs, and T cell?

MHC 2

Type 1 Hypersens is caused by

IgE, allergy

Type II Hypersens is caused by

IgG, IgM, autoantibodies

Type III Hypersens is caused by

Antibody-antigen complexes

Type IV Hypersens is caused by (ex TB tuberculin skin test)

CD4, T cell

AIDS stands for

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Recurrent infections and low antibody levels in adults

Common variable immunodeficiency

Type of inflam myopathy

Dermatomyositis

Graves is caused by too much

Thyroxine

Sausage fingers, depression in nail (pitting)

Psoriasis arthritis

Hashimoto is caused by

Thyroid atrophy

Itchy rash

Contact dermatitis

Collection of microorganisms in organism (confined to skin, mouth, digestive tract, vagina)

Microbiota

When do lymphatic tissues begin to develop?

End of 5th week of gestation

Difference between B and T cell activation is that T cell is *_ and* _

Short distance, direct

What soluble pattern recognition proteins that function as poisoning enhance phagocytosis? 4

C-reactive protein, Ficolin, MBL, surfactant proteins A & D

4 steps of tumor growth/metastasis

Initiation, promotion, progression, metastasis

Osteocytes do what (2)

maintain healthy bones, control calcium release

what enhances immune response and makes it weaker

Adrenaline

look at me

Five types of pathogen

Virus, bacteria, parasite, fungi, helminth

T cells respond to antigens by

Recognition site

What are the roles of surfactant

Alveolar collapse, surface tension, coats alveoli, immune response

3 properties of immune system

Inducibility/primary response, memory/secondary response, specificity for antigen, no autoreactivity

What organ system does the thoracic duct connect the lymphatic system to

Cardiovascular

Waht is the largest mass of lymphoid tissue

GALT