WHAP 1.1 - 1.3 Review

Song Dynasty

Chinese dynasty (960-1279) with strong economy

Imperial bureaucracy

Hierarchy of government officials running the state; long-term continuity

Meritocracy (exam system)

Jobs via Confucian exams; created social mobility and efficient administration.

Scholar-gentry

Educated Confucian elite; dominated politics and culture.

Filial piety

Confucian obedience to parents/elders; reinforced social order.

Grand Canal

North-south waterway; cheap grain transport and urban growth.

Champa rice

Fast-ripening rice from Vietnam; fueled population boom and surplus.

Proto-industrialization

Home and cottage production before factories; rising market output.

Artisans

Skilled craft workers supporting the Song economy.

Woodblock printing

Carved blocks for printing; spread texts and literacy.

Buddhism (Theravada/Mahayana)

Theravada emphasizes discipline; Mahayana emphasizes compassion and bodhisattvas.

Tibetan (Vajrayana) Buddhism

Ritual and mystical branch; blended with local practices.

Chan (Zen) Buddhism

Meditation-centered; fused with Chinese thought

Neo-Confucianism

Confucian ethics mixed with Buddhist/Daoist ideas; official ideology from Song onward.

Foot binding

Elite practice limiting mobility; signaled status and patriarchy.

Heian period (Japan)

Courtly culture 794-1185; refined arts but weak central power.

Vietnam: nuclear families

Smaller family units and relatively more female autonomy than China.

Polygyny (Vietnam)

One man with multiple wives; local marital pattern.

Abbasid Caliphate

Major Islamic empire (750-1258) in Baghdad; center of a cultural and scientific golden age.

Seljuk Turks

Sunni nomadic warriors; ruled as sultans

Mamluk Sultanate

Slave-soldier rulers of Egypt/Syria; halted Mongols at Ayn Jalut; trade hub.

Sultan

Political ruler (not caliph); shows split between secular and religious authority.

Mongols

Steppe empire; ended Abbasid rule in 1258 and reshaped trade networks.

Muhammad

Prophet of Islam; core religious authority.

Crusaders

European holy warriors; conflict and exchange with Islamic world.

Sufis

Mystical Muslims focused on devotion and missionary work; spread Islam culturally.

Baghdad

Abbasid capital; major intellectual and commercial center until Mongol sack.

House of Wisdom

Baghdad learning and translation center; preserved and advanced knowledge.

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Scholar of astronomy and math; advanced trigonometry and observatories.

A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah

Prolific Sufi poet; notable female literary voice.

Vijayanagara Empire

Hindu state in South India; trade-rich and culturally vibrant.

Rajput kingdoms

Hindu warrior states in North India; decentralized and resistant to outsiders.

Delhi Sultanate

Muslim rule in North India (1206-1526); long-term Muslim presence begins.

Proselytize

Actively seek converts; used by Sufis and Bhakti leaders.

Bhakti Movement

Devotional Hinduism stressing personal gods; crossed caste lines

Qutub Minar

Tower in Delhi; visible sign of Islamic rule and cultural blending.

Urdu

Language blending Hindi with Persian and Arabic; product of cultural fusion.

Srivijaya Empire (Sumatra)

Maritime Buddhist trading state; controlled the Strait of Malacca.

Majapahit (Java)

Maritime Hindu-Buddhist state; naval power and trade networks.

Sinhala dynasties (Sri Lanka)

Buddhist irrigation kingdoms; strong agriculture supporting monasteries.

Khmer Empire (Cambodia)

Built Angkor; shifted from Hindu to Buddhist art and architecture.

Sukhothai Kingdom (Thailand)

Early Thai state; Theravada Buddhist culture and art style.