SOC 100 Exam 3 (separate blank answers by comma)

marriage, blood, or adoption,
a single household,
interacting, communicating, respective social roles,
creating and maintaining a common culture

Family definition

Burgess and Locke (1945)

“The family may now be defined as a group of persons defined by (1) ties of _______; (2) constituting _______; (3) _______ and _______ with each other in their _______ of husband and wife, mother and father, son and daughter, brother and sister; (4) and _______ and _______”

Family as structure

group of persons defined by ties of marriage, blood, or adoption

legal,

us census bureau,

benefits,

privileges, marriage

Family as structure

• focus on _______ relationships

• used by _______

• _______ to those who fall under this definition

• gives _______ to _______

declining, 1970,

economic, labor,

educational,

gender, cultural,

one predominant structure

Social trends of families

• American marriage has been _______ since _______

  • _______/ _______ market changes 

  • _______ attainment

  • Changing _______ roles

  • _______ shifts

• Modern American family

  • No longer ______________

  • Americans experience family life in diverse ways

structural, household based, role based, interactionist

The 4 Approaches to Defining Family

• _______

• h____-___

• r____-___

• _______t

Family as households

a family constituting a single households

residential unit, resources, shared

1/3, biological

cross,

transnational

Family as households

• resi_______ where re_______ are sh_______ 

• ___/___ of households are not b_______ connected

• Families may c_______ households 

• tr_______ families?

Family roles

social roles of husband/wife, mother/father, son/daughter, and brother/sister

Family as interaction

family creating and maintaining a common culture 

doing family,

pattern of shared activities,

meals, holidays, vacations

Family as interaction 

• “_______”

• family as a pa_______

• Sharing _______, celebrating _______, taking _______

Nuclear Family

a family consisting of a father, and mother, and their children

Extended family

kin network that extend outside or beyond the nuclear family

Endogamy

marriage to someone within one’s social groups

Exogamy

marriage to someone outside one’s social group

Monogamy

having one sexual partner or spouse at a time

Polygamy

having more than one sexual partner or spouse at a time

Polyandry

 having multiple husbands  simultaneously

Polygyny

having multiple wives simultaneously

functionalism, symbolic interactionist, feminist approaches

3 Theoretical Perspectives of Family

• ______

• ___ ___

• ______

Functionalist Theory

views society (and families) as a set of social institutions that performs specific functions to ensure continuity and consensus

social order,

primary socialization,

personality

Functionalist Theory of Family NOTES

• Maintain ______

• pr______ s______ 

• pe______ stabilization

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

emphasizes the contextual, subjective, and ephemeral nature of family interactions, power relations, and interpersonal communication

members, negotiate, define, redefine, roles

socialization, bidirectional

Symbolic Interactionist Theory of Family NOTES

• m______ always n______ ,d______, and r______ their ______

• ______ is ______ (kids to parents, parents to kids, immigration)

Feminist approaches

families can be sites of exploitation, loneliness, and inequality, especially for women

division, household labor,

unequal power,

abuse,

care work, second shift

Feminist approaches to Theories of Family NOTES

• d______ of h__h____ ______

• ______ ______ in relationships 

• ______

• c______/s______ s______

first, cohabitation, education, absence, income, cohabitation, stable, marriage

no impact, ability

no better or worse off

Contemporary Questions

• Is cohabitation a substitute for marriage? Or a stge in a process of relationship building that precedes marriage?

  • likelihood of ______ marriage resulting from ______ associated with higher ______, ______ of children during cohabitation, and higher family ______

  • c______ is less s______ than ______

• What is the impact of having same-sex parents?

  • ______ ______ on parental ______

• Are single people less happy than married people?

  • Research shows people who live alone are ____________ than partnered peers

origin - social background

education

destination - social outcomes

The OED Triangle

• O______ - ______

• E______

• D______ - ______

Hypothesis of persistent inequalities

the idea that educational systems tend to reproduce existing social inequalities over time rather than eliminate them, even as access to education expands

ittle influence, on a child’s achievement, inequalities imposed, home, neighborhoods, peer groups, adult life

Coleman report

• schools bring ______ to bear on ______ that is independent of his background and general social context;

• And that this very lack of an independent effect means that in______ im______ on children by their ho______, ne______, and p______ are carried along to become the inequalities with which they confront in ______ at the end of school.
  

Credentialism

an overemphasis on credentials (college degrees) for signaling social status or qualification for a job

College wage premium

the gap that exists btwn the incomes of college graduates and high school graduates

College wealth premium

how much net wealth a typical college graduate accumulates over their lifespan, compared with that of a typical high school graduate

Capitalism

an economic system in which property and goods are primarily privately owned; private decisions determine investments; and competition in an unfettered marketplace determines prices, production, and distribution of good

Fordism

the system of production pioneered by Henry Ford, in which the assembly line was produced

Alienation

conditions in which people are dominated by forces of their own creation that then confront them as alien powers; according to Marx, the basic state of being in a capitalist society

lack ownership of the products they make,

dehumanized by tedious and demanding labor processes,

competition over scarce jobs

Workers in a capitalist society…

• la______of the ______ they ______

• are de______ by te_______ and de____ ____ ___

• find themselves in __________________

Family capitalism

a capitalistic enterprise owned and administered by entrepreneurial families

Managerial capitalism

capitalistic enterprises administered by managerial executives rather than by owners

Welfare capitalism

the practice by which large corporations protect their employees from the fluctuations in the economy

Institutional capitalism

consolidated networks of business leadership in which corporations hold stock shares in one another, resulting in increased concentration of corporate power

Global capitalism

the current transnational phase of capitalism, characterized by global markets, production, and finances; a transnational capitalist class whose business concerns are global rather than national; and transnational systems of governance that promote global business interests

Corporation

a legal entity unto itself that has legal personhood distinct from that of its members, namely its owners and shareholders

Transnational corporation (Peter Dicken definition)

a firm with the power to coordinate and control operations in more than one country, even if it does not own them

National corporation

activities, policies, or entities conned within a single country’s borders and pertaining to that specific nation

International corporation

interactions, agreements, or relationships between two or more countries, crossing national borders

Transnational corporations

activities, entities, or processes that extend across multiple countries, operating beyond the limitations of national boundaries

Market capitalization

total value of shares outstanding in a publicly-traded company

Gross domestic product (GDP)

measures the value of all goods and services produced by a country in an entire year

market seeking and asset seeking

Why do corporations expand and extend their operations outside their home countries?

______ and ______

locate, markets, serve,

saturated,

tariff, non-tariff,

after sales services,

demands, tastes, preferences

Why do corporations expand and extend their operations outside their home countries?

Market seeking

• lo______ other ______ and ______ it

• domestic market ______

• overcome t______ and no______ barriers to trade

• provide rapid ____ ____ ____

• respond to customer d______, t______, and p______

knowledge, skills

labor,

controllability

wage

Why do corporations expand and extend their operations outside their home countries?

Asset seeking

• k______ and sk______

• ______ prudcitivity

• labor c______

• ______ costs

Offshoring

a company moves or exapnds some or all of its operations and jobs overseas locations

Outsourcing

a company buys goods or services once performed in-house from a supplier outside of the firm (contracting)

Offshore outsourcing

outsourcing of goods and services offshore

1970s,

production, employment,

4/5,

tax

Informal economy NOTES

• The term stems from early ______

• Wide range of p______ and ______t

• (in)visible manifestations 

• _/_ businesses operate in the informal economy 

• 39% of GDP of low income countries are from Informal Economy 

  • Problematic bc they can't ______ revenue 
    

marginal,

excluded, formal economy,

few links,

poor,

governments, create, jobs

Dualist perspective NOTES

• m______ activities

• ex______ from ______ ______ opportunities 

• f______ l______ to formal economy

• income for the p______ 

• g______ should c______ more ______ 
  

daring micro entrepreneurs,

more, survival,

hostile legal system,

governments, simplify legal procedures

Legalist perspective NOTES

• d______ ______-e______ (starting a business is hard)

• m______ than mere ______ 

• h______ l______ s______ leads self-employed to informality 

• ______ should s______ l______ p______  

• If you’re rich and you can hire lawyers to legalize business

entrepreneurs, avoid regulations, taxation,

registration procedures,

costs of informality,

unfair competition, formal enterprises

Voluntarist perspective NOTES

• e______ choose to a______ r______ and t______

• not because of government or difficult r______ p______

• weigh the c______ __ i______

• informality creates u______ c______ for f______ ent______

reduce labor costs,

capitalism, informality,

formal/informal, linked,

governments, regulate employment

Structuralist perspective of informal economy NOTES

• subordinated economic units that r______ l______ c______s

• ______ drives ______

• f______/i______ are closely l______

• ______ should do more to r______ e______

Migration

the process by which individuals move from one location, region, country, or city to another

Migrant

a person who moves away from his or her usual place of residence, whether within a country or across an international border, temporarily or permanently, and for a variety of reasons

International migrant

any person who has changed his or her country of usual residence, distinguishing between “Short-term migrants” and “Long-term migrants”

“Short-term migrants”

those who have changed their countries of usual residence for at least 3 months but less than 1 year

“Long-term migrants”

those who have changed their countries of usual residence for at least 1 year

Emigration

the act of leaving one’s country of birth to move to a new country; the act of leaving one place

Immigration

a term that describes the movement of people across borders; the act of arriving and settling in another place

Sending countries

countries from which migrants originate

Receiving countries

host or destination countries where migrants go

Push-pull models

migration results from a combination of negative conditions that push people from their home countries and positive conditions that pull them to a new one

poverty, conflict, natural disasters, jobs,

wages, education, safety, political stability,

rational, response, external conditions, conditions, receiving country,

places, emigration/immigration,

migrant, return,

most people, migrate

KEY POINTS - Push-pull models

• Push factors: p______, c______, n______ ______, lack of ______

• Pull factors: better wa______, e______, s______, p______ s______ 

• Assumes r______ individual r______ to ex______ ______, assumes rational perception of c______ in re______ c______

• Fails to explain why….

  • many p______ experience substantial e______/i______

  • why a ______ would ______

  • why ______ ______ don’t ______ 
    

Historical-structural theory

migration is shaped by historical and global economic structures creating inequality between countries

colonial/imperial legacies,

global capitalism, push factors,

underdevelopment, survival, better opportunities,

agency

KEY POINTS - Historical-structural theory

• Reflects c______/i______ ______ 

  • Places that sell us raw materials, like cotton

• ______ ______ creates p______ f______ 

  • Ex. farmers lives in underdeveloped countries more difficult (we have tech for agriculture, they don't)

• u______ leads people to move in search of sur______ and b______ o______ 

• Downplays migrant ______ and choice

Dual labor market theory

migration is driven by structural demand for low-wage labor in developed countries

advanced, rely, migrants, low skilled jobs, natives avoid,

split, primary (secure), secondary (precarious),

migrants, labor demand

KEY POINTS - Dual labor market theory

• Pull factors: a______ economies r______ on ______ for lo______ that na______ ______ 

• Labor markets s______ into ______ (______) and ______ (______) sectors

  • precarious sectors appeal more to migrants, lower pay

• ______ responding to la______ d______
  

New economics of labor migration

migration is a household strategy to manage risk and secure income through remittances

household, decision,

risk sharing,

remittances, education, insurance, investment,

social, collective,

relative deprivation, absolute poverty,

recent

KEY POINTS - New economics of labor migration

• ______-level ______ making 

• ______-______ behavior by these groups 

• r______ used for ed______, i______e, in______

• Highlights s______ and ______ve aspects of migration 

• Motivated by re______ d______, not a______ ______ 

• A more r______ theory of immigration

Remittances

private international monetary transfers that migrants make, individually or collectively

stable flows, large sums, currency, governments, income, households, binationality

KEY POINTS - Remittances

• s______ f______ of money 

• l______ s______ of money 

• foreign c______ for g______ 

• in______ for h______ 

• civic ______ 

Urbanization

the movement of the population into towns and cities away from rural areas

Ecological approach

in the field of urban analysis, a perspective emphasizing the “natural” distribution of city neighborhoods into areas having contrasting characteristics

segments, population, areas, thrive

areas, function,

concentric zone,

relevance, US cities,

zones of transition, permeable

KEY POINTS - Ecological approach

• A more functionalist perspective, Chicago urbanist focus 

• different s______ of the po______ sort themselves into the a______ of the city in which they t______ 

• different a______ played a different f______ 

• “______ ______” model

• limited ______ beyond ______ ci______ 

• ”z______ of t______” not so ______

Urbanism

a term used by Louis Wirth to denote distinctive characteristics of urban social life, such as its impersonality

social, psychological, cities,

human behavior,

tolerance, diversity, socially isolated,

a way of living, individualism, impersonality, transience

KEY POINTS - Urbanism

• s______ and p______ effects of c______ 

• How urban living shapes ______ ______ 

• People develop to______ for d______, but may also become s______ is______ 

• Urban life isn't just about where we live—its a ____________, characterized by i______, i______y, and tr_____e

Segregation

the practice of keeping racial or ethnic groups separate, thereby maintaining the super position of the dominant groups

highways, suburbanization, white flight,

zoning,

restrictive covenants,

extralegal violence,

steering

How was segregation maintained?

• h______ / s______n / w______ f______

• z______ing

• r______ co______ (agreements/contracts)

• ex______ v______ 

• s______ (real estate agents take you to different places based on racial bias)

Gentrification

when neighborhoods undergo a process of change where new investment, new people, and new establishments move into and alter the character of a neighborhood

Global city

a city, such as London, New York, or Tokyo, that has become an organizing center of the new global economy

command, global economy,

finance, service firms,

production, innovation,

markets, bought, sold

Features of global cities

• c______ posts for the g______ ______ 

• Key locations for f______ and specialized s______ f______ 

• Sites of p______ and i______ in these industries 

• ma______ in which these services are b______ and s______

economics, human capital, governance, environment, quality of life

Oxford Economics Global Cities Index 2024

e, h, g, en, q

Informal settlement

residential areas where housing has been constructed without official approval, often lacking legal land tenure, basic infrastructure, and access to essential services such as water, sanitation, and electricity

formal, in demand,

majority, population,

type, informal settlement

KEY CHARACTERISTICS - Informal settlements

• f______ sector housing IS NOT ______ 

• Often constitute ma______ of ______ 

• Slum refers to a ______ of i______ ______

Slum

(a type of informal settlement) a household where a group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area who lack one or more of the following: housing, space, water, sanitation, and security

no purpose,

dwellers, poor,

burden, economy

Myths about slums

• Slums serve n______ p______

• All slum d______ are p______

• Slum dwellers are a b______ on the e______ 

humanitarian,

global health,

economic growth, agriculture,

democracy, human, governance,

education,

climate, environmental

Main types of aid provided by USAID

• h______ assistance 

• g______ h______ programs 

• e______c g______ and a______ 

• ______y / h______ rights / g______ 

• e______n 

• c______ and en______ programs

Foreign Aid

Voluntary transfer of public resources, from a government to another independent government, to an NGo, or to an international organization (such as the World Bank or the UN Development Program) with at least a 25% grant element, one goal of which is to better the human condition in the country receiving the aid.

Humanitarian aid

short-term assistance to help a country or region out of a crisis; relieve the suffering caused by a natural disaster or a conflict (war)

Development aid

support long-term growth and poverty reduction; remove the underlying causes of poverty, vulnerability, and exclusion by strengthening economic and political institution

United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency, 1943,

Marshall Plan, 1947,

Tuman’s Point Four Program

Origins of Foreign Aid

• (UNRRA) ______ (19__)

• M______ P______ (19__)

• Tuman’s ______ ______ Program

increase in capital, economic growth,

bridge domestic resource,

aid steady 1960s, 0.7%, 1970s

First Decades of Aid

• Assumption: an ______ __ ______ → ec______ g______ 

• Aid should bridge d______ r______ gaps

• a______ levels s______ through ___s

• OECD DAC accepted target of 1% of GNI changed to__% in 19______s

international relationships,

access to resources,

security,

often effective,

public goods,

moral obligation,

feel better

Arguments For Aid

• maintains in______ r______

• ensures a______ to r______

• enhances our s______

  • ex. Kamala harris going to El Salvador to better its economy so that immigrants dont come here

• has o______ been e______

• provides p______ g______ in developing countries

• we have a m______ o______

• makes us f______ b______