SOC 100 Exam 3 (separate blank answers by comma)

Family definition

Burgess and Locke (1945)

“The family may now be defined as a group of persons defined by (1) ties of _______; (2) constituting _______; (3) _______ and _______ with each other in their _______ of husband and wife, mother and father, son and daughter, brother and sister; (4) and _______ and _______”

marriage, blood, or adoption,
a single household,
interacting, communicating, respective social roles,
creating and maintaining a common culture

Family as structure

group of persons defined by ties of marriage, blood, or adoption

Family as structure

• focus on _______ relationships

• used by _______

• _______ to those who fall under this definition

• gives _______ to _______

legal,

us census bureau,

benefits,

privileges, marriage

Social trends of families

• American marriage has been _______ since _______

  • _______/ _______ market changes 

  • _______ attainment

  • Changing _______ roles

  • _______ shifts

• Modern American family

  • No longer ______________

  • Americans experience family life in diverse ways

declining, 1970,

economic, labor,

educational,

gender, cultural,

one predominant

The 4 Approaches to Defining Family

• _______

• ____-___

• ____-___

• _______

structural, household based, role based, interactionist

Family as households

a family constituting a single households

Family as households

• _______ where _______ are _______ 

• ___/___ of households are not _______ connected

• Families may _______ households 

• _______ families?

residential unit, resources, shared

1/3, biological

cross,

transnational

Family roles

social roles of husband/wife, mother/father, son/daughter, and brother/sister

Family as interaction

creating and maintaining a common culture 

Family as interaction 

• “_______”

• family as a _______

• Sharing _______, celebrating _______, taking _______

doing family,

pattern of shared activities,

meals, holidays, vacations

Nuclear Family

a family consisting of a father, and mother, and their children

Extended family

kin network that extend outside or beyond the nuclear family

Endogamy

marriage to someone within one’s social groups

Exogamy

marriage to someone outside one’s social group

Monogamy

having one sexual partner or spouse at a time

Polygamy

having more than one sexual partner or spouse at a time

Polyandry

 having multiple husbands  simultaneously

Polygyny

having multiple wives simultaneously

3 Theoretical Perspectives of Family

• ______

• ______

• ______

functionalism, symbolic interactionist, feminist approaches

Functionalist Theory of Family

views society as a set of social institutions that performs specific functions to ensure continuity and consensus

Functionalist Theory of Family

• Maintain ______

• ______ ______ 

• ______ stabilization

social order,

primary socialization,

personality

Symbolic Interactionist Theory of Family

emphasizes the contextual, subjective, and ephemeral nature of family interactions, power relations, and interpersonal communication

Symbolic Interactionist Theory of Family

• ______ always ______ ,______, and r______ their ______

• ______ is ______ (kids to parents, parents to kids, immigration)

members, negotiate, define, redefine, roles

socialization, bidirectional

Feminist approaches to Theories of Family

families can be sites of exploitation, loneliness, and inequality, especially for women

Feminist approaches to Theories of Family

• ______ of ______ ______

• ______ ______ in relationships 

• ______

• ______/______ ______

division, household labor,

unequal power,

abuse,

care work, second shift

Contemporary Questions

• Is cohabitation a substitute for marriage? Or a stge in a process of relationship building that precedes marriage?

  • likelihood of ______ marriage ______ from ______ associated with higher ______, ______ of children during cohabitation, and higher family ______

  • ______ is ______ ______ than ______

• What is the impact of having same-sex parents?

  • ______ ______ on parental ______

• Are single people less happy than married people?

  • Research shows people who live alone are ____________ than partnered peers

first, resulting, cohabitation, education, absence, income, cohabitation, less stable, marriage

no impact, ability

no better or worse off

The OED Triangle

• O______ - ______

• E______ - ______

• D______ - ______

origin - social background

education - an individuals education attainment

destination - social outcomes

Hypothesis of persistent inequalities

the idea that educational systems tend to reproduce existing social inequalities over time rather than eliminate them, even as access to education expands

Coleman report

• ______ to bear on ______ that is independent of his background and general social context;

• And that this very lack of an independent effect means that ______ ______ on children by their h______, ______, and p______ are carried along to become the inequalities with which they confront in ______ at the end of school.
  

schools bring little influence, on a child’s achievement, inequalities imposed, home, neighborhoods, peer groups, adult life

Credentialism

an overemphasis on credentials (college degrees) for signaling social status or qualification for a job

College wage premium

the gap that exists btwn the incomes of college graduates and high school graduates

Capitalism

an economic system in which property and goods are primarily privately owned; private decisions determine investments; and competition in an unfettered marketplace determines prices, production, and distribution of good

Fordism

the system of production pioneered by Henry Ford, in which the assembly line was produced

Alienation

a conditions in which people are dominated by forces of their own creation that then confront them as alien powers; according to Marx, the basic state of being in a capitalist society

Workers in a capitalist society…

• ______of the ______ they ______

• are ______ by __________________

• find __________________

lack ownership of the products they make,

dehumanized by tedious and demanding labor processes,

find themselves in competition over scarce jobs

Family capitalism

a capitalistic enterprise owned and administered by entrepreneurial families

Managerial capitalism

capitalistic enterprises administered by managerial executives rather than by owners

Welfare capitalism

the practice by which large corporations protect their employees from the fluctuations in the economy

Institutional capitalism

consolidated networks of business leadership in which corporations hold stock shares in one another, resulting in increased concentration of corporate power

Global capitalism

the current transnational phase of capitalism, characterized by global markets, production, and finances; a transnational capitalist class whose business concerns are global rather than national; and transnational systems of governance that promote global business interests

Corporation

a legal entity unto itself that has legal personhood distinct from that of its members, namely its owners and shareholders

Transnational corporation (Peter Dicken definition)

a firm with the power to coordinate and control operations in more than one country, even if it does not own them

National corporation

activities, policies, or entities conned within a single country’s borders and pertaining to that specific nation

International corporation

interactions, agreements, or relationships between two or more countries, crossing national borders

Transnational corporations

activities, entities, or processes that extend across multiple countries, operating beyond the limitations of national boundaries

TransNationalCorporations (TNCs) compared to companies

Market capitalization

total value of shares outstanding in a publicly-traded company

TransNationalCorporations (TNCs) compared to companies

Gross domestic product (GDP)

measures the value of all goods and services produced by a country in an entire year

Why do corporations expand and extend their operations outside their home countries?

______ and ______

market seeking and asset seeking

Why do corporations expand and extend their operations outside their home countries?

Market seeking

• ______ other ______ and ______ it

• domestic market ______

• overcome ______ and ______ barriers to trade

• provide rapid ____________

• respond to customer ______, ______, and ______

locate, markets, serve,

saturated, tariff, non-tariff,

after sales services,

demands, tastes, preferences

Why do corporations expand and extend their operations outside their home countries?

Asset seeking

• ______ and ______

• ______ prudcitivity

• labor ______

• ______ costs

knowledge, skills

labor,

controllability

wage

Offshoring

a company moves or exapnds some or all of its operations and jobs overseas locations

Outsourcing

a company buys goods or services once performed in-house from a supplier outside of the firm (contracting)

Offshore outsourcing

outsourcing of goods and services offshore

Informal economy

• The term stems from early ______

• Wide ______ of production and ______

• (in)visible manifestations 

• _/_ businesses operate in the informal economy 

• 39% of GDP of low income countries are from Informal Economy 

  • Problematic bc they can't ______ revenue 
    

1970s,

range, employement,

4/5,

tax

Dualist perspective (informal economy)

• Marginal activities and separate from the formal economy

• Excluded from formal employment opportunities 

• Few links to formal economy income for the poor 

• Governments should create more jobs 

• 
  

views the infromal economy as a separate, marginal sector distinct from the formal economy;

it suggests that the informal economy is essentially a residue of an earlier economic system, destined to disappear as the formal economy develops and modernizes;

portrays the informal sector as a safety net for the poor and a source of income during economic crises

Migration

the process by which individuals move from one location, region, country, or city to another

Migrant

a person who moves away from his or her usual place of residence, whether within a country or across an international border, temporarily or permanently, and for a variety of reasons

International migrant

any person who has changed his or her country of usual residence, distinguishing between “Short-term migrants” and “Long-term migrants”

“Short-term migrants”

those who have changed their countries of usual residence for at least 3 months but less than 1 year

“Long-term migrants”

those who have changed their countries of usual residence for at least 1 year

Emigration

the act of leaving one’s country of birth to move to a new country; the act of leaving one place

Immigration

a term that describes the movement of people across borders; the act of arriving and settling in another place

Sending countries

countries from which migrants originate

Receiving countries

host or destination countries where migrants go

Push-pull models

migration results from a combination of negative conditions that push people from their home countries and positive conditions that pull them to a new one

KEY POINTS - Push-pull models

• Push factors: p______, c______, n______ ______, lack of ______

• Pull factors: better ______, ______, s______, p______ ______ 

• Assumes ______ ______ r______ to ______ ______, assumes rational perception of ______ in ______ ______

• Fails to explain why….

  • ______ ______ experience substantial ______/______

  • why a ______ would ______

  • why ______ ______ don’t ______ 
    

poverty, conflict, natural disasters, lack of jobs,

wages, education, safety, political stability,

rational individual response, external conditions, conditions, receiving country,

many places, emigration/immigration,

migrant, return,

most people, migrate

Historical-structural theory

migration is shaped by historical and global economic structures creating inequality between countries

KEY POINTS - Historical-structural theory

• Reflects ______/i______ ______ 

  • Places that sell us raw materials, like cotton

• ______ ______ creates ______ ______ 

  • Ex. farmers lives in underdeveloped countries more difficult (we have tech for agriculture, they don't)

• ______ leads people to ______ in search of ______ and b______ ______ 

• Downplays migrant agency and choice

colonial/imperial legacies,

global capitalism, push factors,

Dual labor market theory

migration is driven by structural demand for low-wage labor in developed countries

KEY POINTS - Dual labor market theory

• Pull factors: ______ economies ______ on ______ for______ that ______ ______ 

• Labor markets s______ into ______ (______) and ______ (______) s______

  • precarious sectors appeal more to migrants, lower pay

• ______ responding to ______
  

advanced, rely, migrants, low skilled jobs, natives avoid,

split, primary (secure), secondary (precarious), sectors,

migrants, labor demand

New economics of labor migration

migration is a household strategy to manage risk and secure income through remittances

KEY POINTS - New economics of labor migration

• ______-level ______ making 

• ______-______ ______ by these groups 

• ______ used for e______, ______e, ______

• Highlights ______ and ______ aspects of migration 

• Motivated by ______ ______, not ______ ______ 

• A more ______ theory of immigration

household, decision,

risk sharing behavior,

remittances, education, insurance, investment,

social, collective,

relative deprivation, absolute poverty,

recent

Remittances

private international monetary transfers that migrants make, individually or collectively

KEY POINTS - Remittances

• s______ ______ of money 

• ______ ______ of money 

• ______ ______ for ______ 

• ______ for ______ 

• ______ ______ 

stable flows, large sums, foreign currency, governments, income, households, civic binationality