World History Unit 2 Review

what are the critical attributes of an absolute ruler?

divine right, consolidation of power, and no checks and balances

what does divine right mean?

chosen by God to rule

what is consolidation of power?

all of the powers of the state are consolidated under one person

explain checks and balances in relation to absolutism

the monarch makes all final decisions and no other party shares or limits the power of them

what were the broad causes of absolutism in Europe?

• decline of feudalism

• rise of cities and growth of kingdoms

• growing middle class that wanted peace from monarchs

• break down of church (reformation)

what were the immediate causes of absolutism in Europe?

• unrest (religious and territorial)

• government made big armies which let to higher taxes

• attempt at central power by monarchs

Frederick William II - where, strengthen or weakened, and main achievements

where: Prussia

strengthened

• increased exporting, mining, and agriculture which lead to a better economy

• fair and lawful society and less bribery

• more religious freedom (except Jews)

• less torture

Catherine II - where, strengthened or weakened, and main achievements

where: Russia

strengthened

• supported education

• expanded borders

• strengthened military and government

• created 2nd warm water port for Russia

Peter I - where, strengthened or weakened, and main achievements

where: Russia

strengthened

• created 1st warm water port for Russia

• expanded borders

• strengthened economy

• created largest standing army in Europe

• brought Russia on world stage

Philip II - where, strengthened or weakened, and main achievements

where: Spain

strengthened but mostly weakened

strengthened:

• increased wealth

• built up military

• waged successful wars and expanded borders

weakened:

• bankrupted by expensive wars

• religiously intolerant against protestants

Louis XIV (14th) - where, strengthened or weakened, and main achievements

where: France

weakened

• revoked edict of Nantes

• unfair tax system

• sets stage for French revolution

• mass emigration of protestants

• wasted money on wars and buildings

Who issued the Edict of Nantes?

Henry IV - became catholic to heal divisions in France

Explain the timing of Louis XIV's reign

• longest reign of 72 years and 10 days

• crowned at age 4 but the decisions were made by cardinal Mazarin

• Mazarin died and Louis took full power at age 22

Who said "L'etat c'est moi" (I am the state)?

Louis XIV

What main events made Louis XIV an absolute monarch?

• never called an estates general

• centralized government and had nobles live in Versailles

Summarize the 3 estates

1st estate: roman catholic clergy

2nd estate: nobles

3rd estate: middle class and peasants - 97% of population and paid all of the taxes

What is mercantilism?

an economic system where the government regulates trade for its own benefit at the expense of its rivals.

Who was titled the sun king and why?

Louis XIV because he believed he was the center of France like how they thought the sun was at the center of the universe

What was France like during Louis XIV's reign?

there were many religious issues and the upper class had lots of power

What was labor like in Russia compared to western Europe?

Russia: serfs were property, they couldn’t leave their land, and they could be bought and sold

western Europe: serfs won freedom during renaissance/reformation and moved to cities

What is the main religion in Russia compared to western Europe?

Russia: orthodox Christian

western Europe: Catholics and protestants

What was the geography of Russia compared to western Europe?

Russia: isolated

western Europe: many trade and political connections

Ivan III the great

• centralized government

• abolished Mongol rule

Ivan IV the terrible (beginning)

• first absolute ruler of Russia

• Crowned at 3 but boyars did most of the work but fought among themselves

• Ivan takes over at 16

Ivan IV (good period)

• expanded borders

• created code of laws

• ruled justly

Ivan IV (bad period)

after his first wife died, he blamed his boyars and created a secret police to execute them and any other possible traitors

• killed eldest son during a fight

summarize Ivan IV

• tortured and executed thousands with his own hands

• an entire city was killed because a few people planned an uprising

• very brutal

what happened after Ivan IV died?

all heirs to the throne started mysteriously dying so russia picks a new ruling family (Romanovs) who were good rulers

how did peter I (the great) differ from the traditional thoughts of other russians?

• most of russia was orthodox and saw western europe as sinners

• peter was facinated by western europe and modern machinery and tried to westernize russia

what obstacles were in Peter I's way to weternize europe?

• people wouldn't change

• russian orthodox church

• boyars

• cost

What are Huguenots?

French Protestants

how did Peter I westernize Russia?

by force

• took over Russian orthodox church

• limited boyar power

• hired Europeans to run army

• standing army of 200,000

• heavy taxes

what did Peter I institute

• the potato

• propaganda newspaper

• required women to attend social gatherings

• ordered nobles to dress like the west

• added schools for the arts, science, and navigation

explain peter I's western city

st petersburg

• started a 20 year war with Sweden to get land on the baltic sea for a warm water port

• builds city on swamp land

• 25,000 - 100,000 died while working and in war

what is absolutism?

a system of government in which a ruler holds total power

when did the enlightenment happen? What was it?

mid 1600s-1700s

a European intellectual movement where ideas about God, reason, nature, and man were developed which led to revolutions around the world and the development of the US

what was Locke's central idea?

• never called an estates general

• centralized government and had nobles live in Versailles

Summarize the 3 estates

1st estate: roman catholic clergy

2nd estate: nobles

3rd estate: middle class and peasants - 97% of population and paid all of the taxes

what was Rousseau's central idea?

individual freedom and direct democracy where each person should get a vote on everything and the majority is the best for everyone

what was Montesquieu's central idea?

political liberty and checks and balances

what was Astell's central idea?

education and equality for women in society

what was Wollstonecraft's central idea?

women should receive as much education as men and should enter medicine and politics

what was Voltaire's central idea?

tolerance, reason, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion

What was the geography of Russia compared to western Europe?

laws exist to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes

• no capital punishment or torture and a speedy trial

what was Diderot's central idea?

collecting all knowledge gives humans the power to change mens common way of thinking

• editor of Diderot's encyclopedia and printed it on the printing press

What is mercantilism?

an economic system where the government regulates trade for its own benefit at the expense of its rivals.

Ivan IV (bad period)

after his first wife died, he blamed his boyars and created a secret police to execute them and any other possible traitors

• killed eldest son during a fight

explain peter I's western city

st petersburg

• started a 20 year war with Sweden to get land on the baltic sea for a warm water port

• builds city on swamp land

• 25,000 - 100,000 died while working and in war

how did enlightenment ideas spread?

through books, art, architecture, music, newspapers, and salons where people gathered to discuss new concepts

what is an enlightened despot and which main ones did we learn about?

absolute rulers who used their power to bring out political and societal change

Frederick the great, Joseph II, and Catherine the great

what was Locke's central idea?

• improved religious freedoms, decreased censorship, and improved education

• eliminated torture but not serfdom

what did Joseph II do as an enlightened despot?

• granted freedom of the press and supported freedom of religion

• abolished serfdom

• all reforms reversed after his death

what did Catherine the Great do as an enlightened despot?

by force

• took over Russian orthodox church

• limited boyar power

• hired Europeans to run army

• standing army of 200,000

• heavy taxes

what did Peter I institute

• the potato

• propaganda newspaper

• required women to attend social gatherings

• ordered nobles to dress like the west

• added schools for the arts, science, and navigation

Philip II - where, strengthened or weakened, and main achievements

Spain

both but mostly weakened

strengthened:

• increased wealth

• expanded borders

weakened:

• bankrupted after expensive wars

• religiously intolerant against protestants