QCAA EXTERNAL PREP - CHEM 3+4

saturated molecule

A molecule containing only single carbon-carbon bonds.

unsaturated molecule

a molecule containing one or more double/triple bonds.

hydrocarbons

molecules made of only hydrogen and carbon.

alkane

organic compound without a functional group

alkene

organic compound with a double bond

alkyne

organic compound with a triple bond

haloalkane

organic compound with a halogen (R-X)

alcohol

organic compound with a hydroxyl group (R-OH)

amine

organic compound with an amino group (R-NH2)

aldehyde

organic compound with a carbonyl group attached to a hydrogen atom (end of chain)

ketone

organic compound with a carbonyl group attached to carbon atoms on either side (not on the end of a chain)

carboxylic acid

organic compound with a carbonyl group attached (R-OOH)

ester

organic compound with a carboxylate group attached (R-COO-R)

amide

organic compound with a carboxamide group attached (R-CO-NH2)

nitrile

organic compound with a nitrile group attached

chain isomers

isomers that are a consequence of branching in the carbon chain

positional isomers

molecules with the same carbon chain and functional group but with the functional group attached at different location in the molecule

structural isomers

molecules that have the same formula but a different order of attachment of atoms

stereoisomers

isomers in which the atoms in two molecules are connected in the same order (i.e. same structure) but have different arrangements in space

geometric isomers

isomers that can occurs when there is restricted rotation somewhere in a molecule (e.g. carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon ring)

cis-isomer

if functional groups/carbon chains are on the same side of a double bond

trans-isomer

if functional groups/carbon chains are on opposite sides of the double bond

fluoro

prefix for fluorine haloalkanes

chloro

prefix for chlorine haloalkanes

bromo

prefix for bromine haloalkanes

iodo

prefix for iodine haloalkanes

hydroxy

prefix for alcohols

amino

prefix for amines

oxo

prefix for aldehydes and ketones

R-oxycarbonyl

prefix for esters

carbamoyl

prefix for amides

cyano

prefix for nitriles

carboxyl > ester > amide > nitrile > aldehyde > ketone > hydroxyl > amino > alkene > alkyne > halo

priority list of organic molecules

boiling point

the point at which molecules (in their liquid state) have enough energy to completely overcome the intermolecular forces holding them together.

dispersion forces

intermolecular forces caused by temporary dipoles

dipole-dipole forces

intermolecular forces that occur between polar molecules

hydrogen bonding

intermolecular forces between a hydrogen atom covalentley bonded to an oxygen, a nitrogen, or a fluorine atom.

volatility

the point in which the molecules (in the liquid state) have enough energy to completely overcome the intermolecular forces holding them together.

melting point

The point in which the molecules (in the solid state) have enough energy to completely overcome the intermolecular forces holding them together.

similar

a solute will dissolve in a solven that has ______ intermolecular forces

immiscible

liquid that do not mix are ______

miscible

liquids that do mix are _______

also increase

as the intermolecular forces increase the boiling and melting point _____

decreases

as the intermolecular forces increase the volatility ________

decreases

As the carbon chain length increases, the solubility of an organic molecule in water ________

uv light (alk —> haloalk)

conditions for alkane —> haloalkane

substitution (alkane —> haloalk)

reaction type of alkane —> haloalkane

uv light (haloalk —> dihaloalk)

condition for haloalkane —> dihaloalkane

substitution (haloalk —> dihaloalk)

reaction type of haloalkane —> dihaloalkane

heat, reflux and ethanol solvent

conditions of haloalkane —> nitrile

subsitution (haloalk —> nitrile)

reaction type of haloalkane —> nitrile

ethanol solvent, heat in a sealed container

conditions for haloalkane —> amine

subsitution (haloalk —> nitrile)

reaction type for haloalkane —> nitrile

100 degrees and low concentration NaOH

condition for haloalkane —> alcohol

substitution (haloalk —> alcohol)

reaction type of haloalkane —> alcohol

reflux, high temperature, concetrated NaOH

condition for haloalkane —> alkene

elimination

reaction type of haloalkane —> alkene

room temperature (alkene —> dihaloalk)

condition for alkene —> dihaloalkane

addition (alkene —> dihaloalk)

reaction type for alkene —> dihaloalkane

room tempereature (alkene —> haloalkane)

conditions for alkene —> haloalkane

addition (alkene —> haloalkane)

reaction type for alkene —> haloalkane

heat and pressure (alkene —> polyalkene)

conditions for alkene —> polyalkene

addition (alkene —> polyalkene)

reaction type for alkene —> polyalkene

nickle and 150 degrees

conditions for alkene —> alkane

hydrogenation (alkene —> alkane)

reaction type for alkene —> alkane

H3PO4 and heat

condition for alkene —> alcohol

addition (alkene —> alcohol)

reaction types for alkene —> alcohol

H2SO4, 50 degree (alcohol —> aldehyde)

conditions for primary alcohol —> aldehyde

oxidation (alcohol —> aldehyde)

reaction type for primary alcohol —> aldehyde

H2SO4, 70 degree (alcohol —> ketone)

conditions for secondary alcohol —> ketone

oxidation (alcohol —> ketone)

reaction type for secondary alcohol —> ketone

oxidation (aldehyde —> carboxylic acid)

reaction type for aldehyde —> carboxylic acid

H2SO4, 50 degree (aldehyde —> carboxylic acid)

reaction conditions for aldehyde —> carboxylic acid

heat and reflux

conditions for alcohol —> ester

condensation (alcohol —> ester)

reaction type for alcohol —> ester

heat and reflux

conditions for carboxylic acid —> ester

condensation (carboxylic acid —> ester)

reaction type for carboxylic acid —> ester

reflux (carboxylic acid —> amide)

conditions for carboxylic acid —> amide

condensation (carboxylic acid —> amide)

reaction type for carboxylic acid —> amide

reflux (amine —> amide)

conditions for amine —> amide

condensation (amine —> amide)

reaction type for amine —> amide

heat and acid/base solvent (ester —> alcohol)

conditions for ester —> alcohol

hydration (ester —> alcohol)

reaction type for ester —> alcohol

heat and acid/base solvent

conditions for ester —> carboxylic acid

hydration (ester —> carboxylic acid)

reaction type for ester —> carboxylic acid

add to water and test for pH (carboxylic acids)

how to test for carboxylic acids

add to water and test for pH (amines)

how to test for amines

add bromine water and note a change from brown to colourless

how to test for alkenes

add potassium permanganate ( or potassium dichrimate) and heat colour change from yellow to green will be seen in primary and secondary but not in tertiary

how to test for primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols