Muscular System

striated muscle

muscle connected to bones; voluntary or skeletal muscle

abduction

movement away from the midline of the body

adduction

movement toward the midline of the body

dorsiflexion

upward movement of the foot; achieved through ankle motion

extension

straightening of a flexed limb; increased the angle between the bones of a joint

fascia

fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles

flexion

bending a limb; decreasing the angle between bones

insertion of a muscle

connection of the muscle to a bone that moves, usually distal on the skeleton

pronation

turning the palm downward

rotation

circular movement around a central point. Internal rotation is toward the center of the body. External rotation is away from the center of the body

supination

turning the palm upward

visceral muscle

muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle

plantar flexion

bending sole of foot; pointing toes downward

fasci/o

fascia (forms sheaths and enveloping muscles)

fibr/o

fibrous connective tissue

leiomy/o

smooth (visceral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs

myos/o

muscle

plant/o

sole of the foot

rhabdyomy/o

skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones

sarc/o

muscle and flesh

-asthenia

lack of strength

dorsi-

back

rhabdomyoma

benign tumor of striated, voluntary muscle connected to bones

rhabdomyolysis

malignant tumor of striated, voluntary muscle connected to bones (breakdown of damaged skeletal muscle)

sarcopenia

deficiency of muscle, flesh, and strength associated with aging

Myasthenia gravis

autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by weakness of voluntary muscle. muscle loses strength because of a failure in transmission of the nervous impulse from the nerve to the muscle cell

atrophy

decrease in size of an organ or tissue

hypertrophy

increase in size of an organ or tissue

amyotrophic

degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem leading to progressive muscular paralysis

polymyalgia

pain of many muscles especially in the shoulders and hips

muscular dystrophy

group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system

polymyositis

chronic inflammatory myopathy

fasciotomy

incision into the sheath enveloping muscles

fibromyalgia

Chronic pain and stiffness in muscles, joints, and fibrous tissue, especially in the back, shoulders, neck, hips, and knees

leiomyoma

benign tumor of visceral muscle

leionyosarcoma

malignant tumor of smooth (involuntary) muscle

antinuclear antibody test (ANA)

detects an antibody often present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

measures time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube

rheumatoid factor test (RF)

serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in many patients with rheumatoid arthritis

serum calcium (Ca)

measurement of calcium (mineral constitution of bone) level in serum (in blood)

serum creatine kinase (CK)

measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum as an indicator of muscle disease

uric acid test

measurement of uric acid in serum; associated with gouty arthritis

AC

acromioclavicular (joint)

ACL

anterior cruciate ligament of the knee

AKA

above knee amputation

BKA

below-knee amputation

BMD

bone mineral density

CMC

carpometacarpal (joint)

DEXA or DXA

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry- a test of bone mineral density

DJD

degenerative joint disease- another term for OA

DMARD

disease-modifying antirheumatic drug

DO

doctor of osteopathy

DTRs

deep tendon reflexes

EMG

electromyograpgy

Fx

fracture

HNP

herniated nucleus pulposus

IM

intramuscular

MCL

medical collateral ligament of the knee

NSAID

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug- often prescribed to treat musculoskeletal disorders

ORIF

Open reduction (of fracture) / Internal fixation

ortho

orthopedics (or orthopaedics)

OT

occupational therapy— helps patients with impaired musculoskeletal function perform activities of daily living and function in work-related situations

P

phosphorus

PT

physical therapy

ROM

range of motion

SC

sternoclavicular joint

TKR/TKA

total knee replacement/arthroplasty

THR/THA

total hip replacement/arthroplasty

TSR

total shoulder replacement

Origin of a muscle

muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts

Bone density test (bone densitometry)

low-energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass

arthocentesis

surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space

arthography

taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint

arthoplasty

surgical repair of a joint

arthoscopy

visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope, which projects and image on a video moniter

Bone scan

uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone

Discography

radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures with injection of a contrast medium

Muscle Biopsy

removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination

computed tomography (CT)

a series of x-ray images are taken in multiple views (especially cross section)

Electromyography (EMG)

recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

a strong magnetic field and advanced computing technology are used to create high-resolution images of soft tissue