Astronomy shit

Astronomy

The science of celestial objects and the universe as a whole

Astronomer

 A scientists that studies celestial bodies and or the universe as a whole

Celestial

originates from latin, in english it means: heavenly, beyond earth

Science

 Science is extremely broad so there isn't much of a solid definition, it's a basic concept 

Steps of the scientific method

1. Observation and or experiment 

2. Formation of a hypothesis or a theory to understand the observation or experiments 

3. Prediction: Application of the theory or hypothesis, to predict the results of new observations and or new experiment

4. Verification or falsification 

5. Carrying out of the new observations and or new experiments to verify or falsification to carry out the theory or hypothesis   

How Many stars are visible from earth’s surface, with the naked eye 

6,000 , but only 3,000 from the horizon line 

What is a star

A hot ball of gas that glows, luminous

What is the temperature of the Earth’s core

6,000 

How many stars are in the universe?

1.5 x10^21 

What do Astronomers do?

Take the laws of physics that we have discovered on earth and apply them to celestial bodies and the universe as a whole in order to understand it

What is Astrology?

• It's a pseudo science

• Belief that the configuration of the stars determines human personality, human events, and major catastrophes 

The universe has 2 characteristics

• Vastness 

• Emptiness 

Alpha Centauri/ Centauria

4.4 x 10^18cm = 4.4 ly, closest star to the earth, thats not the sun

What is a light year

10^18cm

A galaxy is a conglomeration of?

Stars, Gas, and Dust, MAHYBE Dark Matter

What are families of galaxies called?

Clusters

What does E=mc^2 mean

E stands for energy, M stands for mass, C stands for Speed of light 

How old is the universe?

13.8 Billion years old

What kind of universe do we live in?

Accelerating universe

What are the phases of stellar evolution

• The birth of Stars 

• The life of stars  

• The death of stars

What is the space between stars?

Interstellar Space

Universal law of gravitation 

Between any 2 masses in the universe there is a force of gravitational traction which is directly proportional to the product of the 2 masses and inversely proportional to the square of a distance between the 2 masses 

What does the universe consist of ?

Matter 

What is the Red Giant Phase?

when the core of a dying star contracts?

• A Red giant cannot live forever 

  • it will run out of helium 

  • 2 things happen, 

    • Core Contraction 

    • Envelope extraction

What are the 4 final stages of stellar evolution?

• White Dwarf 

• Newton Star 

• Black Hole

What is the driving force of Stellar formation?

Gravity

When was Newtons theory of gravitation published 

1687 

What happens when the temperature of a protostar reaches 15,000,000

• A new source of energy becomes available  

• And the second thing that happens is we enter the 2nd stage of stellar evolution

Nuclear fusion

• Hydrogen → Helium ? 

  • 4H → 1He 

  • 4MH > M4?

Nuclear Fission

• Splits into 2 

• M1 and M2 are called Daughter Nuclei 

• M> m1 + m2 

• E = [M - (M1+m2) C²]

 Stellar Evolution

• Lifetime 

• High - 10^6

• The Sun- 10^10 

• Low - 10^13

Gravitational Force (Inward)  = Pressure (Outward

What is the physical process for stars? 

nuclear fusion

What happens to a star when the hydrogen is depleted

Envelope expansion

Envelope expansion

• The envelope is everything outside the core 

• The core temperature is increasing, to 100,000,000= Tcore, which is much more than 15million degrees 

• The heat is being infused into the envelope 

• Gas Law 

  • P~T

• The temperature in the envelope goes up 

  • So does the pressure 

  • No we don't have higher stater equilibrium 

• Pressure is a greater force P>G – Envelope expansion

The reason an iron core does not fuse to every element is because the fusion of iron does not generate anything, it consumes energy, therefore it is not a viable process 

How many stars does the average galaxy contain?

10^10 stars

What are Energetic events 9in the universes? 

Gamma Ray Bursts 

Sirius 

The brightest star we can see from Earths surface 

What are the 3 kinds of black holes ?

• Mortal black holes 

• Super black holes 

• Supermassive black holes

Whats special about superblack holes?

• The center of every galaxy has one 

• Msb > 10^6M☉

• Sag A ?

What happens to a Star with a low mass red giant

• Fuses helium to 5 elements 

• When the helium is consumed 

  • The core will contract 

• Gets so hot that the electrons become separate 

What is Planetary Occultation 

When a celestial body goes behind something

C⊕ = 40,000km

What is the distance of the Earth to the moon? 

400,000KM

What is the distance of Earth to the sun? ?

1.5x10^13cm

What does CGS stand for ?

• C=Centemeter 

• G=Gram

• S=Seconds

What does MKS stand for?

• M=meter

• K=Kilogram

• S=Seconds 

What is the Radius of the universe?

• 13.8 Billion ly ???

How many stars are there per galaxy?

10^10 stars

How many Galaxies in the universe?

• 1.5x10^21=1.5x10^21-10=1.5x10^11 

                            10^10 ?

Which planets can we see with our naked eye?

Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn

Why does everything revolve around the sun? 

It has the strongest gravitational pull 

Red Giant phase 

• A Red giant cannot live forever 

  •  it will run out of helium 

  • 2 things happen, 

    • Core Contraction

    • Envelope extraction

Low Mass

• Core 

  • White Dwarf 

• Envelope 

  • Planetary nebular

High Mass