chapter 20 - carboxylic acids

acid chloride (acyl chloride)

an activated acid derivative in which the hydroxy group o the acid is replaced by a chlorine atom

anhydride (acid anhydride)

a composite of 2 acid molecules, with loss of water. adding water to an anhydride regenerates the acid. a mixed anhydride contains 2 different acids

carboxyl group

the —COOH functional group of a carboxylic acid

carboxylate ion

the anion resulting from deprotonation of a carboxylic acid

carboxylation

a reaction in which a compound (usually a carboxylic acid) is formed by the addition o fCO₂ to an intermediate. the addition of CO₂ to a grignard is an example

carboxylic acid

any compound containing the carboxyl group

aliphatic acid

has an alkyl group bonded to the carboxyl group

aromatic acid

has an aryl group bonded to the carboxyl group

dicarboxylic acid (diacid)

has 2 carboxyl groups

fatty acid

a long-chain linear carboxylic acid. some are saturated, and others are unsaturated

Fischer esterification

the acid-catalyzed reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to form an ester

molecular sieves

dehydrated zeolite crystals with well-defined pore sizes to admit molecules smaller than the pores. often used to adsorb water from solvents or reactions

nucleophilic acyl substitution

a reaction in which a nucleophile substitutes for a leaving group on a carbonyl carbon atom. usually takes place through the following addition-elimination mechanism

phthalic acids

benzenedicarboxylic acids

salt of a carboxylic acic

an ionic compound containing the deprotonated anion of a carboxylic acidic called the carboxylate ion: R—COO-. is formed by the reaction of an acid with a base