Ap Human Geo Unit 3 Culture

Culture

Beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and technology shared by a society that is passed through generations

Cultural Trait

Attribute shared by a group

Artifacts

Visible objects and technologies a culture creates

Sociofacts

Structures and organizations that influence social behaviors

Mentifacts

The central enduring elements of a culture that reflects its shared ideas, values, knowledge, and beliefs

Cultural Norm

Shared standards and patterns that guide the behavior of a group

Popular culture

The widespread behaviors beliefs, and practices of ordinary people in society at a given point

Traditional culture

Long established behaviors, beliefs, and practices passed down to generations

Ethnocentrism

The tendency of ethnic groups to evaluate other groups according to their preconceived ideas originating from their own culture

Cultural relativism

The evaluation of a culture solely by its unique standards

Cultural Landscape

A natural landscape that has been modified by humans, reflecting their beliefs and values

Identity

How humans make sense of themselves and how they wish to be viewed

Sequence occupance

The idea that successful societies leave behind their cultural imprint

Ethnicity

The state of belonging to a group of people who share common cultural characteristics

Ethnic neighborhoods

Cultural landscapes within communities of people outside their areas of origin

Traditional architecture

Established building styles of different cultures, religions, and places

Postmodern

Architecture which emphasized form, structure and materials

Religion

A system of spiritual beliefs that helps form cultural perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and values

Pilgrimage

A journey to a holy place for spiritual reasons

Language

The carrier of human thoughts and cultural identities

Toponyms

Place names

Gendered spaces

Spaces designed and deliberately incorporated into the landscape to accommodate gender roles

Gender identity

One's innermost concept of self as male, female, a blend of both or neither

Safe Spaces

Spaces of acceptance for people who are sometimes marginalized by society

Gentrification

Renovations and improvements conforming to middle-class blend preference

Third place

A communal space that is separate from home or work

Sense of place

Filling a geographical location with meaning by connecting memories and feelings to it

Placemaking

A community driven process in which people collaborate to create a place where they can live, work, play, and learn

Dialects

A variation of a standard language specific to a general area

Adherents

People who are loyal to a belief, religion, or organization

Denominations

Separate organizations within a religion

Sect

A small group that has separated from an established denomination/religion

Centripetal force

A force that unites a group of people

Centrifugal force

A force that divides groups of people

Diffusion

Process by which a cultural trait spreads from one place to another

Cultural Hearth

Where a culture trait initially diffuses

Expansion Diffusion

When an aspect of culture spreads outward from where it originated

Contagious Diffusion

When an idea or cultural trait spreads adjacently

Hierarchical Diffusion

Spread of an idea or trait from person of power to other people

Stimulus Diffusion

Where fundamental idea behind a cultural trait stimulates a new innovation

Colonialism

When a powerful country established settlements in a less powerful country for gain

Imperialism

When countries enact policies to extend its influence over another country

Lingua Franca

Common language used among speakers of different languages

Creolization

When two or more cultural elements blend together to create something new, particularly languages

Cultural Convergence

When cultures interact with each other, becoming more similar, sharing traits

Cultural Divergence

When less interaction and conflicting beliefs cause two cultures to become less similar

Acculturation

When cultures come together and people within one adopt some traits while retaining their own

Assimilation

A category of acculturation in which the interaction of 2 cultures results in 1 adopting almost all traits of other

Syncretism

When traits from 2 or more cultures blend together to form a new custom, idea, value, or practice

Multiculturalism

The support of people from many different cultures living in close proximity

Cultural Appropriation

Act of a dominant culture adopting elements of a minority culture

Collectivist Culture

A society where a group's needs takes precedence before the individual's needs. Expected to be obedient to elderly.

Language Family

Largest grouping of languages and includes these languages that share a common ancestral language from a particular hearth

Isolate

A language with no known historic or linguistic relationship with any other known languages

Language Branch

Languages within a family that share a common origin and were from same family

Language Group

Languages within a branch that share a common ancestor and with vocab with a high degree of overlap

Universalizing Religions

Religions that attempt to appeal to a wide variety of people and are open by all

Christianity

Religion based on the teachings of Jesus

Islam

Religion based on teachings of Muhammad

Buddhism

Religion based on teachings of Buddha

Sikhism

Newest universalizing religion founded by guru Nanak

Ethnic Religion

Religions closely tied with a particular ethnic group in a particular region

Secularized

Not religious

Judaism

The monotheistic religion of the Jews.

Hinduism

A religion with not a single set of beliefs or practices but believe in one eternal spirit called Brahman