Biology

UNH Biology 411 with Paul Tsang

What is a prokaryotic cell

Plant & Animal, Membrane enclosed nucleus, Paired (diploid) chromosome, Unicellular or multicellular, Sexual reproduction, Linear DNA, Mitosis cell division

What structures make up the endomembrane system

nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, plasma membrane

What is the endosymbiotic theory

What similarities do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share

Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, DNA, Ribosomes, Reproduction

Bacteria and Archaea consist of which type of cell

prokaryotic

In what order are these eggs largest to smallest

Ostrich egg, chicken egg, frog egg, human egg, plant and animal cell, mitochondria and bacteria, virus, protein, lipids

What is a eukaryotic cell

Bacteria and Archaea, No nucleus, Single (haploid) chromosome, Unicullular, Asexual or sexual reproduction, Circular CNA, Binary fission cell division

Protists, fungi, animal and plants consist of which type of cell

eukaryotic

What are the basic features of all cells

plasma membrane, cytosol, DNA/chromosomes, ribosomes

Which cell is larger than the other

eukaryotic is larger than prokaryotic

What organelle uses information from the DNA to make proteins

ribosomes

The DNA and proteins of chromosomes together are called what

chromatin

Membranes and proteins produced by _____ move via transport vesicles to the _____

ER, Golgi

_____ pinches off transport vesicles and other vesicles that mature into _____, specialized vesicles and vacuoles

Golgi, lysosomes

The ______ is available for fusion with another vesicle for digestion

lysosome

A ______ carries proteins to the plasma membrane for secretion

transport vesicle

The ____________ is continuous with

the nuclear envelope

ER membrane

_________ carry out protein synthesis in the cytosol and on the outside of the ER

Ribosomes

During protein synthesis of mRNA, ________ assemble amino acids into proteins

ribosomes

What does the smooth ER do

Synthesizes lipids, Metabolizes carbohydrates, Detoxifies drugs and poisons, Stores calcium ions

What does the rough ER do

secrete glycoproteins, Distributes transport vesicles, Is a membrane factory for the cell

____________ consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

Golgi apparatus

What does the Golgi apparatus do

Modifies products of the ER, Manufactures certain macromolecules, Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

A __________ is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

lysosome

What are the three types of endocytosis,

Phagocytosis- cellular eating, Pinocytosis- cellular drinking, Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Diffusion transports what

small molecular material

osmosis transports what

water

facilitated diffusion transports what

Na, K, Ca, glucose

primary active transport transports what

Na, K, Ca

secondary active transport transports what

amino acids glucose

phagocytosis transports what

large molecules

pinocytosis and potocytosis transports what

small molecules

receptor mediated phagocytosis transports

large quantities of molecules

__________ are the sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate A T P

Mitochondria

___________ found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis

Chloroplasts

The inner membrane of mitochondria creates two compartments: the ____________ and the ___________

intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix

Chloroplast structure includes

Thylakoids (membranous sacs) stacked to form a granum and Stroma, the internal fluid

The chloroplast is one of a group of plant organelles called _______

plastids

components of the cytoskeleton

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

components of the extracellular matrix

collagen, elastin, fibronectin, integrin

The _________l is an extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells, its composed of the __________, _________, _________

cell wall, primary cell wall, middle lamella, secondary cell wall

__________ are channels that perforate plant cell walls

Plasmodesmata

Neighboring cells in an animal or plant often adhere, interact, and communicate through direct physical contact, what types of intercellular junctions facilitate this

Plasmodesmata, Tight junctions, Desmosomes, Gap junctions

Animal cells have what three main types of cell junctions

Tight junctions, Desmosomes, Gap junctions

Gap junctions (animal plasmodesmata) do what

Small channel allow for cellular communication

Tight junctions do what

“water proofing” of epithelia, Prevent leaking of extra cellular fluids

________ ________ release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

Catabolic pathways

_______ _______, called biosynthetic pathways, consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

Anabolic pathways

________ is the capacity to cause change

Energy

________ ________ is energy associated with motion

Kinetic energy

_______ _______ is kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

Thermal energy

______ is thermal energy in transfer from one object to another

Heat

According to the first law of thermodynamics

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

According to the second law of thermodynamics

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

An ______ ________ proceeds with a net release of free energy and is

spontaneous; ΔG is negative

exergonic reaction

Exergonic reaction

endergonic reaction

catabolic pathway includes

breakdown reactions, release of energy, spontaneous reaction, exergonic, make ATP, ordered and unstable

anabolic pathway includes

building reactions, requires energy, non-spontaenous reaction, endergonic, uses ATP, disordered and stable

negative delta G equates to what type of reactions

catabolic, exergonic

positive delta G equates to what type of reactions

anabolic, endergonic

delta G equation is

products - reactants

cells manage energy resources by _______ ______, the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

energy coupling

________ ________ is when ATP binds non-covalently to motor proteins

and then is hydrolyzed, causing a shape change that walks the motor protein forward.

Mechanical work

________ ________ is when ATP phosphorylates transport proteins, causing

a shape change that allows transport of solutes.

Transport work

Enzymes catalyze reactions by ________ the activation energy barrier without being consumed

lowering

Enzymes _____ affect the change in ΔG, they only speed up reactions that would eventually occur without them

don’t

________ ________ bind to the active site of an enzyme and prevent the substrate from binding

Competitive inhibitors

________ ________ bind to an alternate site on the enzyme, causing the active site to change shape and become less effective

Noncompetitive inhibitors

________ and ________ are often irreversible enzyme inhibitors

Toxins and poisons

In ________, the binding of one substrate molecule to the active site of one subunit locks all other subunits into the active shape

cooperativity

________ ________ may either inhibit or stimulate an enzyme’s activity

Allosteric regulation

________ ________ prevents a cell from wasting chemical resources by synthesizing more product than is needed and the end product is shutting down the pathway

Feedback inhibition

In ________, a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized

oxidation

In ________, a substance gains electrons, or is reduced

reduction

Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants are called ________ ________ or ________ _______

oxidation-reduction reactions, or redox reactions

carbon atom has partially lost electrons because the oxygen atom is more electronegative than the carbon atom

oxidation

oxygen atom has partially gained electrons because the oxygen atom is more electronegative than the hydrogen atom

reduction

________ ________ is when glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced

Cellular respiration

Glucose molecule can be broken down through the following metabolic pathways

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

ATP is a type of _____ _____ containing a base, sugar and 3 phosphates

nucleic acid

________ ________ is done in animal and plant cells (eukaryotic cells)

cellular respiration

cellular respiration breaks down ________ to create ATP as a product

glucose

what are the steps of cellular respiration and where do they occur

glycolysis conversion into pyruvate in cytoplasm, transport pyruvate to mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate oxidized into acetyl CoA (CO2 released and produce NADH), Krebs cycle (mitochondrial matrix), produce 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH (release CO2), Electron transport chain in inner mitochondrial membrane

the anaerboic form of ATP synthesis

fermentation

A ________ ________ begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product, each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

metabolic pathway

________ (disorder) may decrease in a system, but the total ________ of the universe increases

Entropy

________ ________ is a measure of a system’s instability (G), its tendency to change to a more stable state

Free energy

________ ________ is when free energy decreases and the stability of a system increases

Spontaneous change

At ________ ________, forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate; it is a state of maximum stability

chemical equilibrium

Transport and mechanical work in the cell are powered by ________ _______, _______ ________ leads to a conformational change in a protein

ATP hydrolysis, ATP hydrolysis

________ is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Catalyst

________ is a macromolecule that acts as a catalyst; most enzymes are proteins

Enzyme

________ ________ is the energy required to start a reaction by

breaking bonds in the reactant molecules

Activation energy (EA)

________ reactant molecule on which an enzyme acts

Substrate

________-________ ________is formed when the enzyme binds to its substrate

Enzyme-Substrate complex

________ ________ region on the enzyme to which the substrate binds

Active site

steps of cellular respiration

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)

Glycolysis (In the Cytosol) products

• Products: 2 ATP (net), 2 NADH.

• Intermediate: 2 Pyruvate (these move to the next step).

Pyruvate Oxidation (Entering the Mitochondria) products

• Products: 2 NADH.

• Intermediate: 2 Acetyl CoA (the "tickets" for the Krebs Cycle).

• Byproducts: 2 CO2​ (this is the first bit of carbon you exhale)